The IEEE 1918.1 “Tactile Internet” Standards Working Group and its Standards

May combine two claims.

Yang et al. show that the network latency for audio image transmission and real-time control should be less than 40 and 20 ms, respectively.

“As for latency, Yang et al. [23] show that the network latency for audio image transmission and real-time control should be less than 40 and 20 ms, respectively.”

• cites [23] sourcePartly supported

  The Ultra-Responsive Connectivity section calls for approximately 1 ms end-to-end latency for tactile applications, including real-time control. That supports a need for latency below 20 ms, but our copy does not give a 20 ms control threshold or a 40 ms threshold for audio-image transmission. The cited paper is also by Simsek et al., not Yang et al. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The HC Task Group has developed a reference software/hardware setup [64] that can easily be reproduced and downloaded.

“To evaluate its suitability, the HC Task Group has developed a reference software/hardware setup [64] which can easily be reproduced by interested parties and which can be downloaded from the link provided in [64].”

• cites [64] sourceCould not verify

  The passages on performance evaluation and software simulation (C. Performance metrics and evaluation; Sargardia et al., page unavailable) do not describe an HC Task Group reference software/hardware setup. Searches for the Task Group, a reproducible setup, and a download link found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A priori setup of URLLC paths, including solicitation and management of underlying network resources, has been heavily investigated in pertinent literature.

“Such paradigms have been heavily investigated in pertinent literature, to enable a priori setup of URLLC paths, including the solicitation and management of underlying network resources [52].”

• cites [52] sourceCould not verify

  Section 3.1 (Materials) describes a virtual-environment experiment measuring scene-motion thresholds, and Section 7.3 (Application of Results) discusses redirected walking and head-mounted-display latency. Searches for URLLC path setup and network-resource management found no passage addressing the cited claim. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FSM depicts deterministic state transitions for a TD establishing, maintaining and terminating E2E communication with another TI component.

“Fig. 8. FSM depicting the deterministic state transitions for a TD establishing, maintaining and terminating E2E communication with another TI component.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some fields in the TI messages may be superfluous depending on the interaction.

“Evidently, some fields may be superfluous, depending on the interaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TI messages are defined using ASN.1.

“Fig. 9. ASN.1-based definitions of TI messages, exchanged between any two entities in the TI architecture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TI messages are exchanged between any two entities in the TI architecture.

“Fig. 9. ASN.1-based definitions of TI messages, exchanged between any two entities in the TI architecture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the IEEE P1918.1 architecture, the GN and the NC reside as part of the network domain.

“Fig. 7. IEEE P1918.1 architecture with the GN and the NC residing as part of the network domain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IEEE 1918.1 and IEEE 1918.1.1 are already initiated and work on them is ongoing.

“Note that all standards projects indicated are possible examples except for IEEE 1918.1 and IEEE 1918.1.1 which are already initiated and for which work is ongoing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some fields in the TI messages are intentionally left as OPTIONAL, rendering them TI component specific.

“Some fields are intentionally left as OPTIONAL, rendering them TI component specific.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The TI implies an extremely wide range of use cases and associated requirements, ranging from extremely easy to achieve in a communication sense, to the toughest latency and reliability constraints of any 5G application.

“It is noted here that the TI implies an extremely wide range of use cases and associated requirements, ranging from extremely easy to achieve in a communication sense, to the toughest latency and reliability constraints of any 5G application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Simple propagation delay implies that the end points of the TI service can be a maximum of only 150 km apart (or only 100 km apart for propagation through fiber) to achieve the 1-ms E2E roundtrip latency needed in some TI scenarios.

“As a side note on such emulation, simple propagation delay implies that the end points of the TI service can be a maximum of only 150 km apart (or only 100 km apart for propagation through fiber) to achieve the 1-ms E2E roundtrip latency needed in some TI scenarios.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 1-ms E2E roundtrip latency is needed in some TI scenarios.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The TI cannot redefine the standards that are being developed to realize 5G or other networks; in most realistic scenarios, the TI must simply operate on top of them.

“However, the TI cannot redefine the standards that are being developed to realize 5G or other networks, or combinations of networks, on which it might run.In most realistic scenarios, the TI must simply operate on top of them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The scope of the IEEE 1918.1 baseline standard is to define a framework for the TI, including descriptions of its application scenarios, definitions and terminology, necessary functions involved, and technical assumptions.

“Paraphrasing the words of the PAR of IEEE 1918.1 [16], the scope of the baseline standard is to define a framework for the TI, including descriptions of its application scenarios, definitions and terminology, necessary functions involved, and technical assumptions.”

• cites [16] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The TI encompasses mission-critical applications (e.g., manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and mobility), as well as noncritical applications (e.g., edutainment and events).

“Moreover, in performing this paper, it is noted that the TI encompasses mission-critical applications (e.g., manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and mobility), as well as noncritical applications (e.g., edutainment and events).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The IEEE 1918.1 baseline standard will include the definition of a reference model and architecture for the TI, comprising the detailing of common architectural entities, interfaces between those entities, and the definition and mapping of functions to those entities.

“This will also fundamentally include the definition of a reference model and architecture for the TI, comprising the detailing of common architectural entities, interfaces between those entities, and the definition and mapping of functions to those entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The communication delay between the operator and the remote side jeopardizes the stability of teleoperation and negatively affects the quality of the user.

“For example, the communication delay between the operator and the remote side jeopardizes the stability of teleoperation and negatively affects the quality of the user.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Stable and ultralow latency interaction needs to be guaranteed to achieve sensorimotor control over the communication channel.

“One reason for this is that stable and ultralow latency interaction needs to be guaranteed if the intention is to achieve sensorimotor control over the communication channel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The PAR for IEEE 1918.1 was approved by NesCom and the wider IEEE-SA in March 2016, with the project to develop the baseline standard authorized to operate until the end of 2020.

“This process, including all the stages in between, led to the approval of the PAR by NesCom and the wider IEEE-SA in March 2016, with the project to develop the baseline standard being authorized to operate until the end of 2020.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

3GPP has specified several features for the 5G New Radio (NR) radio interface to address URLLC services, which can be grouped into latency-reducing features and reliability-enhancing features.

“To address URLLC services, 3GPP has specified several features for the 5G New Radio (NR) radio interface, which can be grouped into latency-reducing features and reliability-enhancing features [12].”

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A major challenge remains when TI services are applied over longer distances.

“A major challenge remains when TI services are applied over longer distances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The IEEE 1918.1.1 'Haptic Codecs for the TI' standard is at a very mature stage of its standard development work.

“It is noted here that IEEE 1918.1.1 has already been initiated and is at a very mature stage of its standard development work.”

May combine two claims.

In haptic-enabled broadcast, reliability is significantly relaxed, even to the extent that there is a unidirectional channel hence no feedback or other recovery mechanism for reliability.

“In the case of hapticenabled broadcast, reliability is also significantly relaxed, even to the extent where there is a unidirectional channel hence no feedback or other recovery mechanism for reliability”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two grades of service (normal and ultragrade) are defined to better capture the variability in requirements among different use cases.

“This is in order to better capture the variability in requirements among different use cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is significant cost tied to deploying and managing upkeep of omnipresent TI resources, especially as an overlay layer on top of an ever-changing communication infrastructure.

“On the other hand, there is a significant cost tied to deploying and managing the upkeep of such TI resources, especially as an overlay layer on the top of an ever-changing communication infrastructure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The network domain can be either a shared wireless network, shared wired network, dedicated wireless network, or dedicated wired network.

“The network domain can be either a shared wireless network (e.g., 5G radio access and core network), shared wired network (e.g., Internet core network), dedicated wireless network (e.g., point-to-point microwave or millimeter wave link), or dedicated wired network (e.g., point-to-point leased line or fiber optic link) [2], [45], [46].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [45] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [46]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In-vehicular networks are currently standardized within IEEE 802.1 (IEEE 802.1BA, IEEE 802.1AS, IEEE 802.1Qat, and IEEE 802.1Qav) and consider trends in automotive high-speed networks and ultralow latency requirements.

“In-vehicular networks are currently standardized within the IEEE 802.1 (IEEE 802.1BA,IEEE 802.1AS,IEEE 802.1Qat, and IEEE 802.1Qav) and consider trends in automotive high-speed networks and ultralow latency requirements.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In order to meet stringent E2E QoE requirements, the architecture should provide advanced operation and management functionalities such as lightweight signaling protocols, distributed computing and caching with predictive analytics, intelligent adaptation with load and network conditions, and integration with external ASPs.

“In order to meet the stringent E2E QoE requirements, the architecture should also provide advanced operation and management functionalities such as lightweight signaling protocols, distributed computing and caching with predictive analytics, intelligent adaptation with load and network conditions, and integration with external application service providers (ASPs).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Meeting the E2E QoS targets for active TI sessions imposes specific requirements on each of the interfaces along the path from source to destination TDs.

“In terms of performance requirements, meeting the E2E QoS targets for active TI sessions imposes specific requirements on each of the interfaces along the path from source to destination TDs.”

May combine two claims.

In the dialoging mode of HIC, delays and reliability of haptic data communication are paramount for safe communication, with a latency requirement of 0-50 ms.

“In the dialoging mode, where the interaction is highly dynamic (e.g., therapist-patient interaction, where the therapist remotely operates a local robotic avatar to assist the local patient to perform rehabilitation exercises), delays and reliability of haptic data communication are paramount for safe communication (a latency requirement of 0-50 ms).”

• cites [26] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [27] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [44] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The omnipresent TI core network enables rapid association with TI infrastructure via predetermined access gateways geographically and strategically spread.

“The goal of this core network is to enable rapid association with the TI infrastructure, via predetermined “access” gateways that are geographically and strategically spread.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interpersonal communication case has generally more relaxed requirements in terms of reliability and E2E latency, with 5 ms or more acceptable given the human user element and associated slower reactivity.

“In this use case, the requirements are generally more relaxed in terms of reliability and E2E latency (5 ms or more will be acceptable given the human user element and the associated slower reactivity).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The human user element has associated slower reactivity.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Synchronization of audio, video, and haptic data is very crucial.

“Thus, synchronization of audio, video, and haptic data becomes very crucial.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A major challenge in maintaining an ever-present TI architecture is deployment and maintenance of TI components to enable rapid TI latching.

“A major challenge in maintaining an ever-present architecture is the deployment and maintenance of TI components to enable rapid TI latching.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The GNC is a central node because it facilitates interoperability with the various possible network domain options, which is essential for compatibility between the IEEE P1918.1 standard and other emerging standards such as 3GPP 5G NR specifications.

“The GNC is a central node as it facilitates interoperability with the various possible network domain options; this is essential for compatibility between the IEEE P1918.1 standard and other emerging standards such as the 3GPP 5G NR specifications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The omnipresent paradigm enables quick setup and recovery of TI communication sessions because a TD's sole task is identifying the most suitable latching point to the TI infrastructure.

“This omnipresent paradigm enables quick setup and recovery of TI communication sessions, as the sole task of a TD device is identifying the most suitable (closest, most capable, SE-equipped, etc.) latching point to the TI infrastructure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relationship between E2E requirements and per-interface requirements is complex due to statistical variability per interface and interdependence among different interfaces.

“The relationship between the E2E requirements and the per interface requirements is complex due to statistical variability per interface and interdependence among different interfaces.”

May combine two claims.

Two tactile edges can communicate with each other over multiple network domains simultaneously, which can significantly enhance reliability due to redundancy and reduce latency due to traffic splitting.

“In addition, two tactile edges can communicate with each other over multiple network domains simultaneously which can significantly enhance reliability due to redundancy and reduce latency due to traffic splitting [49].”

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

3GPP is standardizing the systems realizing these requirements.

“In terms of mobile communication systems development, the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is standardizing the systems realizing these requirements [11].”

• cites [11]Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The IEEE P1918.1 architecture is required to be generic and modular to support the wide range of TI use cases.

“The architecture is required to be generic and modular to support the wide range of TI use cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Under the omnipresent TI paradigm, a network of TI components forms an everpresent and readily accessible TI core network comprising TSM, CPE, and an always-on redundant distribution of NC modules strategically placed around the globe.

“Under this paradigm, a network of TI components will form an everpresent and readily accessible TI core network.This core will comprise of the TSM and CPE, as well as an alwayson and redundant distribution of NC modules strategically placed around the globe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Under the hybrid TI paradigm, it is essential to maintain an always-online rendezvous point.

“In the general scenario, under the hybrid TI paradigm, it would be essential to maintain an always-online rendezvous point.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: A number of TI scenarios assume that a focal TI point will always be online to start TI communication with.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ITU-T has defined requirements for 5G communication systems of which the URLLC mode of operation could serve TI use cases.

“Again at the international regulatory level, the ITU-T has defined requirements for 5G communication systems [10] of which the URLLC mode of operation could serve TI use cases.”

• cites [10]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

As the network infrastructure constitutes a distributed computing platform, application functions can be placed and executed on this distributed cloud platform, allowing applications to be put at locations that provide the best performance, such as edge computing at the base station to minimize latency.

“In addition, as the network infrastructure constitutes a distributed computing platform, it is not only network functionality that can be realized within the network, but also application functions can be placed and executed on this distributed cloud platform.This allows putting applications at locations that provide the best performance, such as edge computing at the base station to minimize”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ad hoc paradigm is a minimalistic overlay architecture invoked as needed that reduces overall maintenance of a TI backbone.

“At its core, this is a minimalistic paradigm that views TI operation as a strictly overlay architecture, which is invoked as needed, and one which reduces the overall maintenance of a TI backbone.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The transformation of the network from a hardware-based to a software-based network design allows network functions to be realized as software executed on a suitable network node, enabling an optimized network topology.

“First is the transformation of the network from a hardware-based to a software-based network design.Instead of performing specific network functions in dedicated hardware nodes, the communication infrastructure is built of a distributed computing platform, and network functions are realized as software that is executed on a suitable network node and allowing to configure an optimized network”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The IEEE P1918.1 standard design has purposefully encompassed use cases and scenarios that will favor one bootstrapping paradigm over others.

“The design of the IEEE P1918.1 standard has purposefully encompassed a number of use cases and scenarios that will evidently favor one paradigm over the other(s).”

May combine two claims.

The SE provides intelligent caching capabilities that can be very impactful in reducing the E2E traffic load and thus reducing data transmission delays.

“On the other hand, the SE will also provide intelligent caching capabilities which can be very impactful in reducing the E2E traffic load and thus reducing the data transmission delays [48].”

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the ad hoc paradigm, if a TI session spans one or more remote tactile edges, the initiating GNC probes a TSM module or initiates TSM-discovery to find a capable TSM, which then orchestrates E2E communication and recruits primary TI components.

“If the TI session is to span one or more remote tactile edges, then the initiating GNC will probe a TSM module, potentially from a list of previously configured ones, or initiate a TSM-discovery protocol, to find a capable TSM.The TSM module will then orchestrate E2E communication from the initiating tactile edge, and solicit/recruit the services of all primary TI components.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The teleoperation use case demands extremely high-reliability requirements to avoid any risk of significant damage in industrial or teleoperation scenarios, or fatality in remote surgery.

“This use case demands extremely high-reliability requirements to avoid any risk of significant (expensive) damage in industrial or teleoperation scenarios, or even worse where the damage could lead to fatality in the remote surgery case.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ETSI is actively pursuing TI standardization through a work item on IPv6-based TI.

“Finally, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is actively pursuing TI standardization through a work item on IPv6-based TI [9].”

• cites [9] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The ad hoc TI communication paradigm assumes no online infrastructure to start with, yet resorts to the GNC setting up a TI connection from the edge of the network.

“Thus, we present an ad hoc TI communication paradigm, which assumes no “online” infrastructure to start with, yet resorts to the GNC setting up a TI connection from the edge of the network.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In many scenarios, TI operation is confined to a geographically limited area, or URLLC requirements mandate close proximity between TDs engaging in TI operation.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The architecture should be interoperable with various network interconnectivity options, including wired and wireless in addition to dedicated and shared network technologies.

“It should be interoperable with various network interconnectivity options, including wired and wireless in addition to dedicated and shared network technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The International Standards Organization has prepared a standard covering the aspects of human-system interaction and specifically haptic/tactile interaction.

“At a similar international level, the International Standards Organization has prepared a standard covering the aspects of human-system interaction and specifically in this case haptic/tactile interaction [7].”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Synchronization of data from different modalities in all the use cases is always of paramount importance for users' QoE.

“Nevertheless, synchronization of data from different modalities in all the use cases would always be of paramount importance for users' quality of experience (QoE).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The flexibility in terms of the network domain comes with major challenges in meeting the quality requirements of tactile use cases and requires innovative solutions and effective intelligence for the nodes in the tactile edge.

“This flexibility in terms of the network domain comes with major challenges in terms of meeting the quality requirements of tactile use cases and thus requires innovative solutions and effective intelligence for the nodes in the tactile edge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Typical requirements per interface are summarized in [50] where two grades of service are defined: normal grade and ultragrade.

“Typical requirements per interface are summarized in [50] where two grades of service are defined: normal grade and ultragrade.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The hybrid paradigm's rendezvous point could be a predeployed device or a virtual function on a network function virtualization architecture.

“Again, this could be a predeployed device (with many surrogates) that is always on, keeping track of what other TI sessions and components are currently online, and managing incoming requests to join sessions or initiate new ones.The rendezvous point could also be set up as a virtual function on a network function virtualization architecture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The single-point TC coding process shares many similarities with speech/audio coding.

“In this sense, this coding process shares many similarities with speech/audio coding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the registration stage, the TD is probing the TI architecture to invoke E2E communication and cannot perform any other functions beyond latching onto the TI architecture.

“At this stage, the TD is probing the TI architecture to invoke E2E communication and cannot perform any other functions beyond latching onto the TI architecture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Invoking E2E communication under the hybrid paradigm is a two-step process: first finding the rendezvous TI device, second triggering establishment of E2E communication from one edge to the other.

“Invoking an E2E communication thus would be a two-step process.First, finding the rendezvous TI device should be comparable in speed to the latching process in the omnipresent paradigm.The second step would be triggered by that rendezvous device to establish E2E communication from one edge to the other, which involves invoking other TI components needed to realize this TI session.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All TD components transition to the operational state, where the E2E path has been established, connection setup requirements met, and tactile edges ready to exchange TI information.

“All TD components will then transition to the operational state.At this state, the E2E path has been established, it has met all connection setup requirements, and the tactile edges are ready to exchange TI information.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

IEEE 1918.1 acts as the baseline of the family of standards on the Tactile Internet.

“with IEEE 1918.1 acting as the baseline of those standards”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The E2E control synchronization state encompasses path establishment and route selection phases of TI operation and typically involves multiple tiers of the TI architecture communicating to ensure a path meeting minimum requirements is available and reserved.

“This is a critical state, as it encompasses the path establishment and route selection phases of TI operation.More importantly, it will typically involve multiple tiers of the TI architecture, which will communicate to ensure that a path that meets the minimum requirements set in the “setup” message is indeed available and reserved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The rise of fog computing architectures will enable rapid resource discovery in edge environments, enabling an untapped pool of resources even in mobile settings with fine-tuned offloading cost decisions.

“The rise of fog computing architectures will enable rapid resource discovery in edge environments, enabling a previously untapped pool of resources that could be utilized even in mobile settings, with finetuned decision making on the cost of offloading [58].”

• cites [58]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Open-loop interaction means delay requirements are relaxed.

“Open-loop interaction in this context means that in particular the delay requirements are relaxed.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Kinesthetic information typically occurs within closed-loop communication and requires strict latency support or stabilizing control if E2E delay exceeds 5 ms; tactile information typically occurs within open-loop communication and is less delay sensitive.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the E2E control synchronization state, the TD is not allowed to communicate operational data, but focuses on relaying connection setup and maintenance parameters.

“At this state, the TD is not allowed to communicate operational data, yet would focus on relaying connection setup and maintenance parameters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent advances in fog-computing-based radio access networks could aid both edge and network domain bootstrapping processes.

“Recent advances in the development of fog-computingbased radio access network [59] could aid both edge and network domain bootstrapping processes.”

• cites [59] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TI operation, especially bootstrapping power-limited devices at the edge, could capitalize on nearby IoT systems designed for reliable operation.

“TI operation, especially in terms of bootstrapping power-limited devices at the edge, could capitalize on nearby IoT systems that are designed for reliable operation [57].”

• cites [57]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although tactile modality consists of several submodalities (hardness, thermal conductivity, friction, microroughness, macroroughness), the HC Task Group has decided to start with vibrotactile signals which mainly address microroughness and friction.

“Although the tactile modality consists of several submodalities (hardness, thermal conductivity, friction, microroughness, and macroroughness), the HC Task Group has decided to start with vibrotactile signals which mainly address microroughness and friction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As a TD transitions into the operational state, it may negotiate with the receiver at the end of the E2E path to commit to a lighter weight version of these messages to reduce header size.

“However, as TD transitions into the operational state, it may negotiate with the receiver, at the end of the E2E path, to commit to a lighter weight version of these messages, to reduce the size of headers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If a TD targets haptic communication, the next state encompasses communication and establishment of haptic-specific information before actual data communication.

“If the TD engaging in a TI session is targeting haptic communication, then the next state would encompass the specific communication and establishment of hapticspecific information, still before actual data communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Recent advancements in software-defined networking and network coding could significantly impact access and communication latency, rendering E2E access more resilient with less setup time.

“For example, recent work on software-defined networking and network coding could significantly impact access and communication latency [53], thereby rendering E2E access more resilient with less setup time.”

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Communication between any two TI devices requires a predetermined header format with clearly defined fields.

“Finally, the communication between any two TI devices will require a predetermined header format with clearly defined fields.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While conceptually possible to separate KC from control approach, there are benefits for tightly coupling the two.

“While conceptually it would be possible to separate the KC from the control approach, there are some benefits for tightly coupling the two.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In the absence of communication delay, the codec does not require a control mechanism stabilizing physical interaction; in the presence of communication delay typically above 5 ms, a stabilizing control mechanism needs to be deployed.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In every message transmission, the TD identifies the current state it is operating under, to ease bootstrapping and expedite path establishment.

“In the transmission of every message, the TD will identify the current state it is operating under, to ease the bootstrapping phase and expedite path establishment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Harmonization is needed of the behaviors of end devices and other components of the TI, including their interactions, deployment structures, and other aspects.

“For reasons such as economies of scale and facilitation of user adoption, harmonization is needed of the behaviors of end devices and other components of the TI.This includes their interactions, deployments structures, and other aspects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The lighter weight version of TI messages should be employed in the Operation state and could remove headers detailing Node type, Parent Node, and Stack field since these typically do not change after initial control and haptic synchronization.

“The lighter weight version of these TI messages should be employed in the “Operation” state and could remove headers that detail the type of Node, the Parent Node, as well as the Stack field since these would typically not change once the initial control and haptic synchronization have taken place.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

From a codec perspective, interchannel or spatial correlation can be exploited for maximum compression performance in multipoint tactile coding.

“From a codec perspective, additionally to temporal correlation in the vibrotactile signal, now interchannel or spatial correlation can be exploited for maximum compression performance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The operational state is expected to be the most time-dominant state, encompassing all TI data communication.

“This is expected to be the most time-dominant state, as it will encompass all TI data communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TI design is inherently built on edge-mandated operational settings and core-managed E2E sustenance.

“The TI design is inherently built on the notion of edge mandated operational settings and core-managed E2E sustenance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Once TI operation is successfully completed, the TD transitions to termination phase, in which all resources previously dedicated to this TD are released back to the TI management plane.

“Finally, once the TI operation is successfully completed, the TD will transition to “termination” phase, in which all the resources that were previously dedicated to this TD are released back to the TI management plane.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A modified version of the KC incorporating a control mechanism to stabilize the system in the presence of network delay is required.

“Hence, a modified version, which incorporates a control mechanism to stabilize the system in the presence of network delay, is required.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In the absence of communication delay, the codec does not require a control mechanism stabilizing physical interaction; in the presence of communication delay typically above 5 ms, a stabilizing control mechanism needs to be deployed.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Such harmonization is achieved through internationally adopted standardization.

“Such harmonization, generally toward developing an overall system with expected actions and performances, etc., is achieved through internationally adopted standardization.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The hybrid paradigm design necessitates deterministic protocols for setting up the rendezvous TI device and maintaining a scalable discovery protocol for rapid discovery of its surrogates by TDs from different TI edges.

“Regardless of the implementation, the design of this paradigm would necessitate deterministic protocols for setting up the rendezvous TI device and maintaining a scalable discovery protocol to enable rapid discovery of its surrogates by TD from different TI edges.”

May combine two claims.

Communication of tactile data is open loop, leading to different requirements for TC development.

“The communication of tactile data, in comparison to kinesthetic communication, is open loop which leads to different requirements for TC development.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Kinesthetic information typically occurs within closed-loop communication and requires strict latency support or stabilizing control if E2E delay exceeds 5 ms; tactile information typically occurs within open-loop communication and is less delay sensitive.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TI messages are designed to be generic to capture various types of TI communication.

“The messages are designed to be generic to capture the various types of TI communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If a TD is a lower-end SN/AN, it will have a designated parent in close proximity with which it must associate first; the parent ensures reliable operation and assists in connection establishment and error recovery.

“If it is a lower end SN/AN, then the TD will have a designated “parent” in its close proximity, with which the TD will need to associate with first.This parent TI node will thereafter ensure reliable operation and assist in connection establishment and error recovery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multipoint TC addresses simultaneous stimulations of the human skin at several points, leading to more realistic area-based experiences.

“As the extension of the singlepoint TC, multipoint tactile coding addressed the simultaneous stimulations of the human skin at several points.This will lead to more realistic (area-based) experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TI architecture is designed to modularly encompass a wide spectrum of use cases and applications, ranging from ultralow reliability and latency to infrequent sampling of haptic data over less stringent networking modes.

“The TI architecture is designed to modularly encompass a wide spectrum of use cases and applications.That spectrum ranges from use cases requiring ultralow reliability and latency to ones with the infrequent sampling of haptic data over less stringent networking modes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In literature, a variety of approaches which are candidates for Delay Tolerant KC Part I-2 have been proposed.

“In the literature, a variety of approaches which are candidates for this part have been proposed (see [63] of this special issue for an extensive review).”

• cites [63] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The TSM is the main module that could carry out authentication, perhaps with assistance from the SE when needed, or with significant amounts of traffic.

“The TSM is the main module that could carry out this task, perhaps with assistance from the SE when needed, or with significant amounts of traffic.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Some mission-critical TDs, as well as new ones, may need to be authenticated prior to being allowed to join/start a TI session.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Any communication network or combination of networks that satisfy E2E performance requirements (latency, reliability, security, availability) and required characteristics for a given TI use case could realize that use case using IEEE 1918.1 standards as key aspects.

“Indeed, any communication network or combination of networks that satisfy the E2E performance requirements (e.g., latency, reliability, security, and availability) and required characteristics for a given TI use case could realize that use case using the IEEE 1918.1 standards as key aspects toward that.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The described Delay Intolerant KC approach has already been cross-validated by several independent groups and has been approved by the TI WG for standardization.

“The described approach has already been cross-validated by several independent groups and has been approved by the TI WG for standardization.”