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Cited by 412Blockchain Technology Applications and SecuritySoftware-Defined Networks and 5GVehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

Blockchain for 5G and beyond networks: A state of the art survey

Open access
Nguyen, Dinh C., Pathirana, Pubudu N., Ding, Ming, Seneviratne, Aruna·2020·Journal of Network and Computer Applications
DOI 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102693
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Abstract

The fifth generation (5G) wireless networks are on the way to be deployed around the world. The 5G technologies target to support diverse vertical applications by connecting heterogeneous devices and machines with drastic improvements in terms of high quality of service, increased network capacity and enhanced system throughput. Despite all these advantages that 5G will bring about, there are still major challenges to be addressed, including decentralization, transparency, risks of data interoperability, network privacy and security vulnerabilities. Blockchain can offer innovative solutions to effectively solve the challenges in 5G networks. Driven by the dramatically increased capacities of the 5G networks and the recent breakthroughs in the blockchain technology, blockchain-based 5G services are expected to witness a rapid development and bring substantial benefits to future society. In this paper, we provide a state-of-art survey on the integration of blockchain with 5G networks and beyond. Our key focus is on the discussions on the potential of blockchain for enabling key 5G technologies, including cloud/edge computing, Software Defined Networks, Network Function Virtualization, Network Slicing, and D2D communications. We then explore the opportunities of blockchain to important 5G services, ranging from spectrum management, network virtualization, resource management to interference management, federated learning, privacy and security provision. The recent advances in the applications of blockchain in 5G Internet of Things are also surveyed in various domains, i.e. smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid and UAVs. The main findings derived from the survey are then summarized, and possible research challenges with open issues are also identified. Lastly, we complete this survey by shedding new light on future directions of research on this newly emerging area.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This survey reviews the integration of blockchain with 5G and beyond, arguing that blockchain’s decentralization, immutability, transparency, and security/privacy properties can address key 5G security and management challenges. It surveys blockchain for 5G enabling technologies, services, and IoT applications, then identifies scalability, security/privacy, and QoS limitations as open issues.

Key findings

  • Blockchain can support key 5G enabling technologies—cloud/edge computing, SDN, NFV, network slicing, and D2D communication—mainly through security, system performance, and resource management benefits such as decentralized authentication, immutable ledgers, and smart-contract automation.
  • For 5G services including spectrum management, data sharing, network virtualization, resource management, interference management, federated learning, privacy, and security, blockchain offers decentralization, transparency, immutability, availability, permissionless access, and security; smart contracts enable automated access control and authentication.
  • In 5G IoT domains—smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid, and UAVs—blockchain is reported to support secure data sharing, privacy preservation, resource trading, and decentralized trust.
  • The paper reports scalability concerns: Bitcoin and Ethereum process only a maximum of 4 and 20 transactions per second respectively, while Visa and PayPal process 1667 and 193 transactions per second. It also cites 5G targets of 1–10 Gbps connections (up to 20 Gbps in some scenarios), ultra-low latency of 1 ms or less, mobility up to 500 km/h, 99.999% availability, 90% reduction in network energy usage, 10–100x connected devices, and 1000x bandwidth per unit area.

Methods

  • State-of-the-art survey and literature review; no primary experiments, datasets, or empirical evaluation are conducted.
  • The review is organized into background and motivation, blockchain for key 5G technologies, blockchain for 5G services, blockchain for 5G IoT applications, and main findings/challenges/future directions.
  • Analysis is a qualitative thematic synthesis of existing literature; no systematic review protocol or meta-analysis is stated.

Limitations

  • The paper states open challenges: blockchain performance/scalability (throughput, storage, networking), security/privacy (51% attack, smart contract vulnerabilities, off-chain privacy leakage, transaction linkability), and QoS limitations (mining resource demands causing latency, energy consumption, bandwidth demands, and congestion).
  • Evident from the text: as a survey, it relies on secondary literature and does not provide empirical validation or quantitative comparison of proposed blockchain-5G solutions; no formal systematic review methodology is described.
  • The paper states that research on blockchain for 5G wireless networks is still in its infancy, and that blockchain for interference management in 5G mobile networks is “still in its infancy with few investigated works.”

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102693

Cites

393 of 393 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 185 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 3

    Existing survey works focus on each specific technology rather than the integration of blockchain and 5G.

    “Despite growing interest in blockchain and 5G, the focus of existing survey works is on each of the specific technologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § III. BLOCKCHAIN FOR ENABLING 5G TECHNOLOGIES · p. 11

    Reviewing state-of-art literature, blockchain has mainly cooperated with key 5G enabling technologies including cloud computing, edge computing, Software Defined Networks, Network Function Virtualization, Network Slicing, and D2D communication.

    “Reviewing state-of-art literature works [1], [3], [4], we found that blockchain has mainly cooperated with the key 5G enabling technologies including cloud computing, edge computing, Software Defined Networks, Network Function Virtualization, Network Slicing, and D2D communication.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Abdelwahab, 2016, Network function virtualization in 5G, IEEE Commun. Mag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Afolabi, 2018, Network slicing and softwarization: a survey on principles, enabling technologies, and solutions, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Aggarwal, 2019, Blockchain for smart communities: applications, challenges and opportunities, J. Netw. Comput. Appl. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingnone given
    § V. BLOCKCHAIN FOR 5G IOT APPLICATIONS · p. 28

    Reviewing the literature, blockchains mainly support key IoT applications: smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid and UAVs.

    “Reviewing the literature works, we find that blockchains mainly support some key IoT applications, namely smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid and UAVs, which will be highlighted as follows.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Recent studies show the feasibility of blockchain in UAV networks.

    “Recent studies show the feasibility of blockchain in UAV networks [277], [278], [279].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [277] Yang, 2018, Blockonet: blockchain-based trusted cloud radio over optical fiber network for 5G fronthaul

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    • cites [278] Yang, 2018, A distributed secure monitoring system based on blockchain, Int. J. Perform. Eng.

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    • cites [279] Yang, 2018, Differentially private data sharing in a cloud federation with blockchain, IEEE Cloud Comput. source

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  • Findingcitation
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Blockchain has been investigated and integrated into key 5G IoT applications including smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid, and UAVs.

    “Blockchain has been investigated and integrated into a number of key 5G IoT applications, such as smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid and UAVs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 119
  • May combine two claims. 133

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    Findingnone given
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 3

    The authors in [23] only provided a brief introduction of blockchain adoption in secure 5G resource management and reliable network orchestration.

    “The authors in [23] only provided a brief introduction of the blockchain adoption in secure 5G resource management and reliable network orchestration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Backman, 2017, Blockchain network slice broker in 5G: slice leasing in factory of the future use case

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    Findingcitation
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 3

    The survey in [24] provided a short survey on the potential of blockchain for 5G networks in Industry 4.0.

    “The survey in [24] provided a short survey on the potential of blockchain for 5G networks in Industry 4.0.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Banerjee, 2017, Link before you share: managing privacy policies through blockchain

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    Findingnone given
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 3

    No comprehensive survey exists on the integrated use of blockchain and 5G technologies and services.

    “Thus, to our best knowledge, there is no comprehensive survey on the integrated use of blockchain and 5G technologies and services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingcitation
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 3

    Studies [25], [26] presented a brief review on the benefits of blockchain for 5G-based industrial IoTs.

    “Similarly, the studies in [25], [26] presented a brief review on the benefits of blockchain for 5G-based industrial IoTs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Bansal, 2019, Smartchain: a smart and scalable blockchain consortium for smart grid systems

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    • cites [26] Bayhan, 2018, Spass: spectrum sensing as a service via smart contracts

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    SmartPool, a mining pool system, was proposed to improve transaction verification in blockchain mining to mitigate security bottlenecks such as 51% vulnerability, ensuring the ledger cannot be hacked by increasingly sophisticated attackers.

    “For example, a mining pool system called SmartPool [300] was proposed to improve transaction verification in blockchain mining to mitigate security bottlenecks, such as 51% vulnerability, ensuring that the ledger cannot be hacked by increasingly sophisticated attackers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [300] Zhang, 2019, Blockchain-based public integrity verification for cloud storage against procrastinating auditors, IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput.

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    Findingcitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Recent measurement results show that a certain amount of transaction data is leaked during blockchain operations, and data protection of blockchain is not very robust in practice.

    “Although blockchain uses encryption and digital signature to preserve transactions, recent measurement results [299] show that a certain amount of transaction is leaked during blockchain operations and data protection of blockchain is not very robust in practice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [299] Zhang, 2018, Smart contract-based access control for the internet of things, IEEE Internet Things J. source

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    Findingcitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 34

    Bitcoin and Ethereum process a maximum of 4 and 20 transactions per second respectively, while Visa and PayPal process 1667 and 193 transactions per second respectively.

    “For instance, Bitcoin and Ethereum process only a maximum of 4 and 20 transactions per second respectively, while Visa and PayPal process 1667 and 193 transactions per second [287] respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [287] Yu, 2018

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    Findingcitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 34

    Current blockchain systems have serious scalability bottlenecks regarding the number of replicas in the network and performance concerns such as constrained throughput and latency.

    “Obviously, the current blockchain systems have serious scalability bottlenecks regarding the number of replicas in the network as well the performance concerns such as constrained throughput (number of transactions per second) and latency (required time for adding a block of transactions in the blockchain) [288].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [288] Yu, 2018, Blockchain-based solutions to security and privacy issues in the internet of things, IEEE Wireless Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Blockchain has demonstrated high efficiency in healthcare and smart city scenarios.

    “For example, blockchain has been demonstrated its high efficiency in healthcare and smart city scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingnone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Critical security vulnerabilities in smart contracts for 5G applications can include timestamp dependence, mishandled exceptions, and reentrancy attacks.

    “Some of the critical security vulnerabilities can include timestamp dependence, mishandled exceptions, reentrancy attacks on smart contracts in 5G applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Deep reinforcement learning has been investigated and combined with blockchain to enable secure and intelligent resource management and orchestration in 5G networks.

    “For example, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) [23] has been investigated and combined with blockchain to enable secure and intelligent resource management and orchestration in 5G networks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Backman, 2017, Blockchain network slice broker in 5G: slice leasing in factory of the future use case

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    In the 5G/6G era, immutability, decentralization and transparency are crucial security factors that ensure the successful roll-out of new services such as IoT data collection, driverless cars, UAVs, and Federated Learning.

    “In the 5G/6G era, immutability, decentralization and transparency are crucial security factors that ensure the successful roll-out of new services such as IoT data collection, driverless cars, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Federated Learning (FL).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationcitation
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    Among existing technologies, blockchain is the most promising one to meet new security requirements and reshape the 5G communication landscape.

    “Among the existing technologies, blockchain is the most promising one to meet these new security requirements and reshape the 5G communication landscape [5], [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Aggarwal, 2019, A new secure data dissemination model in internet of drones

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Agiwal, 2016, Next generation 5G wireless networks: a comprehensive survey, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    Blockchain technology has desirable characteristics of decentralization, immutability, accountability, and truly trustless database storage which significantly improve network security and save operational costs.

    “In particular, the blockchain technology boasts a few desirable characteristics of decentralization, immutability, accountability, and truly trustless database storage which significantly improve network security and save operational costs [8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Ahad, 2019, 5G -based smart healthcare network: architecture, taxonomy, challenges and future research directions, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    Emerging 5G technologies such as SDN, NFV, network slicing and D2D communications will support new service delivery models and further exacerbate security challenges.

    “In particular, the emerging 5G technologies such as SDN, NFV, network slicing and D2D communications in 5G will support new service delivery models and thus further exacerbate the security challenges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The dynamics of new technologies and services in 5G networks pose new requirements on security and privacy beyond protecting data integrity.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain is capable of providing full control of personal data when sharing over an untrusted network, which is unique from traditional approaches that hinder users from tracking their data.

    “Blockchain is capable of providing a full control of personal data when sharing over the untrusted network, which is unique from all traditional approaches which hinder users from tracking their data [14].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Ali, 2018, Secure data provenance in cloud-centric internet of things via blockchain smart contracts

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    Premisecitation
    § A. Blockchain · p. 5

    Smart contracts offer a wide range of new applications to solve real-world problems, such as financial services and insurance, mortgage transactions, supply chain transparency, digital identity and records management.

    “With its programmable and automatic features, smart contracts offer a wide range of new applications to solve real-world problems, such as financial services and insurance, mortgage transactions, supply chain transparency, digital identity and records management [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Bozic, 2017, Securing virtual machine orchestration with blockchains

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain with smart contracts can implement decentralized user access validation using the computing power of all legitimate network participants, making 5G services strongly resistant to data modifications.

    “blockchain with smart contracts can implement decentralized user access validation by using the computing power of all legitimate network participants. This makes the 5G services (i.e. spectrum sharing, data sharing, resource allocation) strongly resistant to data modifications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    A big challenge for current 5G platforms is the need to guarantee an open, transparent, and secure system among the extraordinary number of resources and mobile users.

    “A big challenge for current 5G platforms is the need to guarantee an open, transparent, and secure system among the extraordinary number of resources and mobile users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisereasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 9

    Edge/cloud computing models currently rely on centralized service providers and are vulnerable to single-point failures, threatening availability of cloud/edge services for on-demand user access.

    “edge/cloud computing models current rely on centralized service providers (i.e. Amazon cloud), which reveals various security bottlenecks. Indeed, this configuration is vulnerable to single-point failures, which bring threats to the availability of cloud/edge services for on-demand user access.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Ledger services with strong immutability from blockchain provide a high degree of security and better system protection against DoS attacks and threats.

    “The ledger services with strong immutability from blockchain also provide a high degree of security and better system protection capability against DoS attacks and threats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Blockchain · p. 5

    Smart contracts are unalterable and resistant to external attacks.

    “Such a type of self-executing agreement relying on the code makes smart contracts unalterable and resistant to external attacks [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Blockchain: A key enabler for 5G

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    5G needs blockchain for its wide 5G service deployments.

    “Hence, 5G needs blockhain for its wide 5G service deployments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 8

    Blockchain can provide security features such as immutability, decentralization, transparency and privacy, which promise to tackle security issues of current 5G networks.

    “blockchain can provide a series of security features such as immutability, decentralization, transparency and privacy, all of which promise to tackle efficiently security issues of current 5G networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 11

    Blockchain adoption potentially reduces network complexity and saves operational costs.

    “the blockchain adoption potentially reduces network complexity and thus saves significantly operational costs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain can simplify 5G network deployments thanks to its decentralized architectures.

    “It is believed that blockchain can simplify the 5G network deployments thanks to its decentralized architectures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 9

    The motivation behind integrating blockchain and 5G stems mainly from the promising benefits of blockchain for solving challenges in 5G networks in terms of security, privacy, networking and service management.

    “the motivation behind the integration of blockchain and 5G stems mainly from the promising benefits of blockchain for solving challenges in 5G networks in terms of security, privacy, networking and service management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 9

    Spectrum sharing raises security concerns and provides a central point of attacks for malicious users.

    “spectrum sharing in such scenarios also raises security concerns and provides a central point of attacks for malicious users [49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Confais, 2017, An object store service for a fog/edge computing infrastructure based on ipfs and a scale-out nas

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain can establish direct communications between 5G service providers and mobile users so that management cost can be significantly reduced.

    “blockchain is able to establish direct communications between 5G service providers and mobile users so that the management cost can be significantly reduced.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § A. Blockchain · p. 5

    Smart contracts allow the performance of credible transactions without requiring the involvement of middlemen or third-party intermediaries.

    “Particularly, smart contracts allow the performance of credible transactions without requiring the involvement of middlemen or third-party intermediaries [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Bozic, 2017, Securing virtual machine orchestration with blockchains

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Blockchain systems use asymmetric cryptography with private and public keys, making it mathematically impossible for an entity to guess the private key of other users from their public key.

    “Blockchain systems use asymmetric cryptography to secure transactions between members. These keys are generated randomly with strings of numbers so that it is mathematically impossible for an entity to guess the private key of other users from their public key.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Service trading applications can be performed automatically on blockchain by triggering smart contracts, ensuring transparent and reliable data exchange among different service providers and IoT users.

    “Moreover, service trading applications (i.e. mobile resource trading in 5G IoT) can be performed automatically on blockchain by triggering smart contracts, which ensures transparent and reliable data exchange among different service providers and IoT users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain promises to provide innovative solutions for 5G networks and services for better security, privacy, decentralization and to transform network management architectures for improved QoS and better 5G performance.

    “With its promising security properties, blockchain promises to provide a new set of innovative solutions for 5G networks and services for better security, privacy, decentralization and transform the network management architectures for improved QoS as well as better 5G performances.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 11

    Transactions for 5G services are controlled by the blockchain network itself where all entities hold the same rights to manage and maintain the network.

    “the transactions for 5G services (i.e. data sharing, spectrum sharing) are controlled by the blockchain network itself where all entities hold the same rights to manage and maintain the network.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Blockchain and smart contract privacy service gives data provenance rights to users, enabling data owners to manage disclosure of their information on blockchain.

    “Additionally, the privacy service provided by blockchain and smart contract gives the data provenance rights to users. In other words, this ability enables data owners to manage the disclosure of their information on blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Blockchain transparency helps maintain the integrity of blockchain-based systems by reducing risks of unauthorized data alternations.

    “Such transparency also helps to maintain the integrity of the blockchain-based systems by reducing risks of unauthorized data alternations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    By deploying immutable transaction ledgers, network operators can establish secure communications to perform heterogeneous networking and computing, such as large-scale IoT collaborations or mobile edge/cloud computing over trustless IoT environments.

    “Further, by deploying immutable transaction ledgers, the network operators can establish secure communications to perform heterogeneous networking and computing, such as large-scale IoT collaborations or mobile edge/cloud computing over the trustless IoT environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    By leveraging blockchain, mobile operators can avoid the establishment of centralized control servers.

    “by leveraging blockchain, the mobile operators now can have no worries about the establishment of centralized control servers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Privacy-preserving data provenance based on smart contracts is a promising technique to realize privacy protection in open data.

    “In the context of blockchains, privacy-preserving data provenance based on smart contracts is a promising technique to realize privacy protection in open data [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Ahmad, 2019, Security for 5G and beyond, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Blockchain's decentralization eliminates single point failure risks due to disruption of central authority, saves operational costs, and enhances trustworthiness.

    “This exceptional property brings promising benefits, including eliminating single point failure risks due to the disruption of central authority, saving operational costs and enhancing trustworthiness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain can help establish secure peer-to-peer communication among users in D2D communication using the computing power of all participants instead of a third-party intermediary, potentially reducing communication latency, transaction costs, and providing global accessibility.

    “blockchain can help establish secure peer-to-peer communication among users (i.e. in D2D communication) using the computing power of all participants to operate the network instead of passing a third party intermediary. This would potentially reduce communication latency, transaction costs, and provide the global accessibility for all users”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Malicious access is validated and removed by user identification and authorization of smart contract.

    “Malicious access is validated and removed by user identification and authorization of smart contract.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Blockchain transparency is particularly suitable for 5G ecosystems where openness and fairness are required.

    “This feature is particularly suitable for 5G ecosystems where the openness and fairness are required.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain-based cloud computing enables decentralization of cloud/edge 5G networks, removes centralized control at the core network, provides a decentralized fair agreement with blockchain consensus, eliminates single-point failure bottlenecks and improves system trust.

    “the concept of blockchain-based cloud computing enables decentralization of cloud/edge 5G networks which removes centralized control at the core network and provides a decentralized fair agreement with blockchain consensus platform, which eliminates single point failure bottlenecks and improves significantly system trust.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Use of blockchain fosters scalable spectrum sharing over the peer-to-peer ledger network where spectrum license holders and band managers are eliminated for high trustworthiness.

    “the use of blockchain fosters scalable spectrum sharing over the peer-to-peer ledge network where spectrum license holders and band managers are eliminated for high trustworthiness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Blockchain can eliminate centralized network management by decentralizing network infrastructure where no third-party authorities are needed.

    “Blockchain can eliminate the centralized network management concept by decentralizing the network infrastructure where there are no third party authorities needed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Resource requests can be verified by decentralized blockchain nodes with smart contracts without passing a centralized authority, which is promising to reduce network latency.

    “resource requests (i.e. data access) can be verified by decentralized blockchain nodes with the support of intelligent smart contracts without passing a centralized authority, which is promising to reduce network latency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 9

    Using certification authorities for cognitive radios inside each cell requires infrastructure per cell, a defence protocol, greater calculation complexity and longer packet lengths, increasing overhead and reducing QoS of the spectrum sharing system.

    “This approach not only requires infrastructure to be implemented for each cell but also requires a protocol for defence against central-point attacks. Further, it requires greater calculation complexity and longer packet lengths, which increases overhead for spectrum sharing systems and thus reduces the Quality of Services (QoS) of the involved system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    By setting access rules on self-executing smart contracts, blockchain guarantees data privacy and data ownership of individuals.

    “Specially, by setting access rules on self-executing smart contracts, blockchain guarantees data privacy and data ownership of individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain · p. 6

    Blockchain technology would be a promising candidate for 5G networks and services by providing a number of technical benefits.

    “From the above high-level analysis, blockchain technology would be a promising candidate for 5G networks and services by providing a number of technical benefits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given
    § I. INTRODUCTION · p. 2

    Ultra-dense small cell networks introduce trust and secure interoperability concerns among complex sub-networks.

    “However, it introduces trust and secure interoperability concerns among complex sub-networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Motivations of the Blockchain and 5G integration · p. 10

    Security of D2D communication can be achieved by building a peer-to-peer network via blockchain, transforming each D2D device into a blockchain node holding a ledger copy with ability to verify and monitor transactions for better transparency and reliability.

    “the security of D2D communication can be achieved by building a peer to peer network via blockchain, which transforms each D2D device as blockchain node to hold a ledge copy with the ability of verifying and monitoring transactions for better system transparency and reliability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    Adversaries can tamper with cloud data resources, breaching data integrity.

    “adversaries can tamper with cloud data resources [63], all of which can breach data integrity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Esfahani, 2018, Secure blockchain-based energy transaction framework in smart power systems

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    In a smart vehicular network, blockchain can keep information of the driver and the car profile with the history of maintenance, accident, and other car usage information.

    “Specifically, in a smart vehicular network, blockchain can keep information of the driver and the car profile with the history of maintenance, accident, and other car usage information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    Authentication data and user access information can be stored securely on blockchain, which is capable of automatically tracking activities of mobile terminals.

    “authentication data and user access information can be stored securely on blockchain, which is also capable of automatically tracking activities of mobile terminals”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 14

    SDN has non-trivial challenges that hold back its dominance over legacy solutions, namely security, flexibility and scalability.

    “However, despite the obvious advantages that this novel networking paradigm introduces, there remains some non-trivial challenges that hold back its undisputed dominance over legacy solutions, namely security, flexibility and scalability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § D. Blockchain for Network Function Virtualization (NFV) · p. 16

    In a virtualized scenario, tenants sharing the same cloud infrastructure can increase the possibility of attacks inside the cloud, damaging transparency and accountability of service providers.

    “Furthermore, in a virtualized scenario, tenants often share the same cloud infrastructure. In this context, the possibility of attacks inside the cloud can increase, which damage the transparency and accountability of service providers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 14

    The centralized design concept of current SDN models is possibly vulnerable to single-point-of-failure risks when a network entity is attacked or compromised, which leads to the disruption of the entire network.

    “The centralized design concept of current SDN models is possibly vulnerable to single-of-failure risks when a network entity is attacked or compromised, which leads to the disruption of the entire network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 12

    By applying a decentralized blockchain without third parties, the blockchain-based cloud-RAN strategy can achieve optimal resource utilization and save a large amount of signalling and connection costs.

    “by applying a decentralized blockchain without third parties, the blockchain-based cloud-RAN strategy can achieve optimal resource utilization and save a large amount of signalling and connection costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    Public verification schemes using a third-party auditor for periodic integrity verification potentially raise issues including irresponsible verification generating biased data integrity results or invalidated verification due to malicious auditors.

    “This scheme potentially raises several critical issues, including irresponsible verification to generate bias data integrity results or invalidated verification due to malicious auditors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 14

    With immutable and decentralized features, blockchain helps record all vehicular messages and build trust for the SDN-based vehicular system to ensure reliable message transmissions and avoid fake messages from malicious vehicles.

    “With the immutable and decentralized features, blockchain helps record all vehicular messages and build trust for the SDN-based vehicular system to ensure reliable message transmissions and avoid fake messages from malicious vehicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Islam, 2019, BHMUS: blockchain based secure outdoor health monitoring scheme using UAV in smart city

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 14

    The integration of blockchain in SDN is promising to remove intermediaries for authentication, reduce transaction costs, and achieve global accessibility for all users.

    “The integration of blockchain in SDN is thus promising to remove intermediaries for authentication, reduce transaction costs, and achieve global accessibility for all users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Islam, 2019, Bus: a blockchain-enabled data acquisition scheme with the assistance of UAV swarm in internet of things, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    Any modifications on the storage unit can be acknowledged by blockchain via decentralized ledgers, improving the trustworthiness of the MEC-based network.

    “Any modifications on the storage unit can be acknowledged by blockchain via decentralized ledgers, improving the trustworthiness of the MEC-based network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 14

    Blockchain can protect the accuracy, consistency, and origins of the data files in a transparent way.

    “Blockchain can protect the accuracy, consistency, and origins of the data files in a transparent way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § D. Blockchain for Network Function Virtualization (NFV) · p. 16

    End-to-end service function chains deploying NFVs in multi-cloud environments can have data transmissions compromised by curious cloud entities, leading to data leakage concerns.

    “Since end-to-end service function chains may deploy NFVs in an environment involving multiple cloud providers, such data transmissions can be compromised by curious cloud entities, leading to data leakage concerns.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § D. Blockchain for Network Function Virtualization (NFV) · p. 16

    A VM can be created by an attacker to run in a server and leveraged to carry out external denial-of-service attacks.

    “In fact, a VM can be created by an attacker to run in a server and leveraged to carry out external denial-of-service attacks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    Blockchain can offer decentralized data storage enabled by the combined storage capacity of a network of peers to store and share contents.

    “Indeed, blockchain can offer decentralized data storage enabled by the combined storage capacity of a network of peers to store and share contents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    Even entities within the network may be curious about transmitted data and unauthorizedly obtain personal information, leading to data leakage and damaging system immutability.

    “Even entities within the network may be curious about transmitted data over the sharing and unauthorized obtain personal information (i.e. customer data of 5G smart grid or location information of vehicles in vehicular networks). These issues may lead to serious data leakage bottlenecks and consequently damage system immutability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 12

    Blockchain-based Cloud-RAN gets rid of centralized control at the core network and offers a decentralized fair agreement with blockchain consensus, eliminating single-point failure bottlenecks and improving system trust.

    “the concept of blockchain-based Cloud-RAN gets rid of centralized control at the core network and offers a decentralized fair agreement with blockchain consensus platform, which eliminates single point failure bottlenecks and improves significantly system trust.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    In the vehicle context, real-time updates regarding traffic and pollution of nearby roads can be stored locally in a cache unit for autonomous cars, while data hash values can be kept securely in blockchain.

    “For example, in the vehicle context, the realtime updates regarding traffic and pollution of nearby roads can be stored locally in a cache unit for autonomous cars, while data hash values can be kept securely in blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 14

    In multi-SDN environments, SDN devices cannot be interoperable and achieve interconnection and cooperation due to the stringent latency requirements from different 5G service providers.

    “In the multi-SDN environments, SDN devices cannot be interoperable and achieve interconnection and cooperation due to the stringent latency requirements from different 5G service providers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 14

    Encrypting transactional data and storing them on blocks has the potential to achieve privacy and security for MEC.

    “Further, the transactional data are also encrypted and stored on blocks, which has the potential to achieve privacy and security for MEC [92].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] Hossain, 2015, 5G cellular: key enabling technologies and research challenges, IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    A massive amount of heterogeneous data may be leaked and user privacy breached if one of the cloud servers is attacked.

    “a massive amount of heterogeneous data may be leaked and user privacy is breached if one of the cloud servers is attacked.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    Applying blockchain to resource management, data sharing, or resource allocation improves edge computing performance while guaranteeing security properties of the network.

    “Moreover, to achieve a trustworthy and efficient edge computing system, the blockchain functionality is applied to the resource management [83], data sharing [84] or resource allocation [85], all of which improve edge computing performances while guaranteeing security properties of the network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [83] Guan, 2018, Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities, IEEE Commun. Mag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Guo, 2019, Blockchain meets edge computing: a distributed and trusted authentication system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Guo, 2019, Trust access authentication in vehicular network based on blockchain, China Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 14

    The centralized design of the SDN controller is vulnerable to attacks on the control layer, which can cause controllers, routers, and switches to be maliciously modified, generate and cause loss of flow table information.

    “Furthermore, the centralized design of the SDN controller is also vulnerable to attacks on the control layer, which can cause controllers, routers, and switches to be maliciously modified, generate and cause loss of flow table information [95].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Hua, 2019, A blockchain-based peer-to-peer trading scheme coupling energy and carbon markets

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    In the 5G era, massive data traffic outsourced from IoT devices to the cloud has brought new security challenges, mainly data availability, data privacy management, and data integrity.

    “in the 5G era, the massive data traffic outsourced from IoT devices to the cloud has brought about a series of new security challenges, mainly including data availability, data privacy management, and data integrity [60].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Dragičević, 2019, Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid: a comprehensive review, Energies source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Blockchain for mobile edge computing · p. 13

    Blockchain can connect the stakeholders of a car through a shared chain and provide help in car-sharing economy scenarios.

    “Blockchain can also connect the stakeholders of a car through a shared chain and provide help in car-sharing economy scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § C. Blockchain for Software Defined Networking · p. 15

    The blockchain-based solution is feasible to solve a number of security issues, including fault tolerance enabled by blockchain consensus, data consistency based on distributed ledger without the need of any third parties.

    “The blockchain-based solution is feasible to solve a number of security issues, including fault tolerance enabled by blockchain consensus, data consistency based on distributed ledger without the need of any third parties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Jiang, 2019, A privacy-preserving e-commerce system based on the blockchain technology

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    By outsourcing data protection to the cloud, IoT data owners lose control over their data, adversely impacting data ownership of individuals.

    “by outsourcing data protection to the cloud, IoT data owners lose control over their data, which has also adverse impacts on the data ownership of individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Blockchain for cloud computing/ Cloud RAN · p. 11

    Current cloud network architectures are vulnerable to single-point failures, threatening availability of cloud services for on-demand user access.

    “In current cloud network architectures, cloud services are provided and managed centrally by the centralized authority. However, this configuration is vulnerable to single-point failures, which bring threats to the availability of cloud services for on-demand user access.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § F. Blockchain for D2D communication · p. 18

    The award policy empowered by blockchain stimulates the mining process in D2D devices, improving robustness and security for the D2D network.

    “The award policy empowered by blockchain stimulates the mining process in D2D devices, improving the robustness and security for the D2D network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136] Liang, 2017, Provchain: a blockchain-based data provenance architecture in cloud environment with enhanced privacy and availability

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § E. Blockchain for network slicing · p. 17

    The blockchain-based approach can allow for dynamic control of resource reliability, and improve the integrity and validity of the information exchanged among vehicles in untrusted vehicular environments.

    “Further, the blockchain-based approach can allow for the dynamic control of resource reliability, and improved the integrity and validity of the information exchanged among vehicles in the untrusted vehicular environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Le, 2019, A lightweight block validation method for resource-constrained IoT devices in blockchain-based applications

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § F. Blockchain for D2D communication · p. 18

    D2D devices may not be trusted and can obtain illegal access to resources on servers if there is no authentication mechanism on the network.

    “Furthermore, D2D devices may not be trusted, and can obtain illegal access to resources on servers (i.e. edge/cloud servers) if there is no an authentication mechanism on the network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § E. Blockchain for network slicing · p. 17

    Blockchains can bring great opportunities for the security of 5G network slicing management.

    “In such contexts, blockchains can bring great opportunities for the security of 5G network slicing management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § A. Spectrum management · p. 20

    Blockchain immutability ensures reliability of spectrum services and enhances accuracy of network implementation.

    “This also ensures the reliability of the spectrum services and enhances the accuracy of the network implementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Liu, 2019, Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile edge computing, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § E. Blockchain for network slicing · p. 17

    Network slicing brings many unprecedented security challenges which consist of inter-slice security threats and issues of resource harmonization between inter-domain slice segments.

    “Besides, network slicing also brings many unprecedented security challenges which consist of inter-slice security threats and the issues of resource harmonization between inter-domain slice segments [123], [124].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [123] Kotobi, 2018, Efficient and secure communications in smart cities using edge, caching, and blockchain

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Lampropoulos, 2019, Using blockchains to enable big data analysis of private information

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § F. Blockchain for D2D communication · p. 19

    Reviewing the state of the art works, we find that blockchain can provide security, networking solutions to protect 5G services and improve the performance of 5G-based systems.

    “Reviewing the state of the art works, we find that blockchain can provide security, networking solutions to protect 5G services and improve the performance of 5Gbased systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § A. Spectrum management · p. 20

    As blockchain broadcasts all service information to all entities, spectrum sharing databases are accessible to everyone in the network.

    “Moreover, as blockchain broadcasts all service information to all entities, the spectrum sharing databases are also assessable to everyone in the network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Liu, 2019, Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile edge computing, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning
    § E. Blockchain for network slicing · p. 17

    Due to network slice instances sharing on open cloud-based architectures, attackers may abuse the capacity elasticity of one slice to consume the resources of another target slice, making the target slice out of service.

    “For example, due to the design of network slice instances sharing on open cloud-based architectures, attackers may abuse the capacity elasticity of one slice to consume the resources of another target slice, which makes the target slice out of service.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § F. Blockchain for D2D communication · p. 19

    In summary, blockchain brings numerous opportunities to support 5G technologies and provides emerging services for 5G systems.

    “In summary, blockchain brings numerous opportunities to support 5G technologies and provides emerging services for 5G systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § E. Blockchain for network slicing · p. 17

    Blockchain plays a significant role in the establishment of mutual trust relationships between operators and management of virtual 5G network slices, enabling new end-to-end business models.

    “Blockchain plays a significant role in the establishment of mutual trust relationships between the operators and management of virtual 5G network slices, enabling new end-to-end business models including the provision of connectivity or managed services for factories as well as IT infrastructure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [127] Lei, 2019, Securing icn-based UAV ad hoc networks with blockchain, IEEE Commun. Mag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Spectrum management · p. 20

    There is no central authority to verify or record data and transactions in blockchain, which potentially enables a more transparent system without a loss of security properties.

    “Furthermore, there is no central authority to verify or record the data and transactions, which potentially enables a more transparent system without a loss of security properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Liu, 2019, Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile edge computing, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § D. Blockchain for Network Function Virtualization (NFV) · p. 17

    A smart contract can be leveraged to store access permission and assets information for MANO components as well as perform mappings of the structure of quotas, access grants and capacity of NFV users for efficient resource usage.

    “In such a context, a smart contract can be leveraged to store access permission and assets information for MANO components as well as perform mappings of the structure of quotas, access grants and capacity of NFV users for efficient resource usage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120] Kotobi, 2017, Blockchain-enabled spectrum access in cognitive radio networks

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Spectrum management · p. 20

    Blockchains enable efficient communication between users and service providers with strong security capabilities against threats, DoS risks and insider attacks.

    “Security: Blockchains enable efficient communication between users and service providers with strong security capabilities against threats, DoS risks and insider attacks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Liu, 2019, Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile edge computing, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § E. Blockchain for network slicing · p. 17

    Blockchain can be exploited to build reliable end-to-end network slices and allow network slice providers to manage their resources.

    “Blockchain can be exploited to build reliable end-to-end network slices and allow network slide providers to manage their resources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § D. Blockchain for Network Function Virtualization (NFV) · p. 16

    Blockchain can secure delivery of network functions and ensure system integrity against both insider attacks and external threats, i.e. malicious VM modifications and DoS attacks.

    “Second, blockchain can secure delivery of network functions and ensure system integrity against both insider attacks and external threats, i.e. malicious VM modifications and DoS attacks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [112] Khan, 2013, Towards secure mobile cloud computing: a survey, Future Generat. Comput. Syst. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Khan, 2019, A survey on security and privacy of 5G technologies: potential solutions, recent advancements and future directions, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § F. Blockchain for D2D communication · p. 18

    D2D communication improves overall system throughput, mitigates communication delays, and reduces energy consumption and traffic load.

    “D2D takes advantage of the proximity of device communication for efficient utilization of available resources, enabling to improve the overall system throughput, mitigate communication delays and reduce energy consumption and traffic load [133].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133] Li, 2019, Meta-key: a secure data-sharing protocol under blockchain-based decentralized storage architecture, IEEE Netw. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § F. Blockchain for D2D communication · p. 18

    Existing D2D architectures rely on external authorities to grant data permission and request authentication, which can incur unnecessary communication latency and degrade overall network performance.

    “Besides, the existing D2D architectures rely on the external authorities to grant data permission and request authentication during the D2D communication, which can incur unnecessary communication latency and degrade the overall network performance [135].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [135] Li, 2019, Chainsdi: a software-defined infrastructure for regulation-compliant home-based healthcare services secured by blockchains, IEEE Syst. J.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § B. Data sharing · p. 21

    Global mobile data traffic on the Internet will increase sevenfold between 2017 and 2022, reaching 77.5 exabytes per month by 2022.

    “According to the latest release of Cisco [157], global mobile data traffic on the Internet will increase sevenfold between 2017 and 2022, reaching 77.5 exabytes per month by 2022.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [157] Lu, 2019, Blockchain and federated learning for privacy-preserved data sharing in industrial IoT, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Blockchain is feasible to protect user data for decentralized personal data management, enabling personalized services.

    “As an example, blockchain is feasible to protect user data for decentralized personal data management [196], which enables to provide personalized services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Qian, 2018, A method of exchanging data in smart city by blockchain

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Blockchain can support provenance data collection, provenance data storage, and provenance data validation.

    “Blockchain can support in three steps, namely provenance data collection, provenance data storage, and provenance data validation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] Qiao, 2019, Blockchain empowered resource trading in mobile edge computing and networks

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § E. Interference management · p. 24

    Building a fair and trusted economic scheme can be a solution to mitigate network interference.

    “Building a fair and trusted economic scheme can be a solution to this problem, and thus mitigate the network interference.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § H. Security services · p. 27

    The blockchain-empowered lightweight integrity verification model for cyber-physical systems has good confidentiality, availability, integrity, and authenticity for IoT communication.

    “The implementation results reveal the efficiency of the blockchain-empowered model with good confidentiality, availability, integrity, and authenticity for IoT communication.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [219] Seng, 2019, A d2d-assisted mec computation offloading in the blockchain-based framework for udns

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § D. Resource management · p. 23

    Blockchains can be a highly efficient approach to solve the above remaining issues and improve the resource management.

    “Blockchains can be a highly efficient approach to solve the above remaining issues and improve the resource management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § F. Federated learning · p. 24

    Federated learning has emerged as a promising machine learning technique for large-scale mobile network scenarios.

    “Recent years, federated learning has emerged as a promising machine learning technique for large-scale mobile network scenarios [188], [189].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [188] Ouaddah, 2016, Fairaccess: a new blockchain-based access control framework for the internet of things, Secur. Commun. Network. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [189] Paglierani, 2019, Techno-economic analysis of 5G immersive media services in cloud-enabled small cell networks: the neutral host business model: providing techno-economic guidelines for the successful provision of 5G innovative services in small cell networks, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Data sharing · p. 21

    In comparison to traditional database such as SQL, blockchain can provide better sharing services with low-latency data retrieval and higher degrees of security, reliability, and stronger resistance to some malicious attacks (DoS, DDoS) for data sharing.

    “In comparison to traditional database such as SQL, blockchain can provide better sharing services with low-latency data retrieval and higher degrees of security, reliability, and stronger resistance to some malicious attacks (DoS, DDoS) for data sharing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § H. Security services · p. 26

    Blockchain-based access control can perform direct access control between the requestor and the data centre, reducing access latency and improving security compared with traditional architectures using external authority.

    “Different from traditional access control architectures which always use external authority for verification, the blockchainbased approach can perform direct access control between the requestor and the data centre so that the access latency can be reduced and security is improved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [209] Rebello, 2019, Providing a sliced, secure, and isolated software infrastructure of virtual functions through blockchain technology

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § B. Data sharing · p. 21

    The privacy of data is well maintained by distributed blockchain ledgers, while data owners have full control on their data shared in the network, improving the data ownership capability of sharing models.

    “Further, the privacy of data is well maintained by distributed blockchain ledgers, while data owners have full control on their data shared in the network, improving the data ownership capability of sharing models [167].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [167] Malomo, 2018, Next-generation cybersecurity through a blockchain-enabled federated cloud framework, J. Supercomput. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § D. Resource management · p. 23

    Blockchain would simplify the resource management concept, while remaining the important features of the core network and ensure strong security.

    “Blockchain would simplify the resource management concept, while remaining the important features of the core network and ensure strong security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 26

    Blockchain technology is promising for privacy preservation in modern mobile networks and services, especially in 5G IoT systems where data protection is becoming more important.

    “Obviously, the blockchain technology is promising to privacy preservation in the modern mobile networks and services, especially in 5G IoT systems, where data protection is becoming more important in the context of exponential mobile data growth in the 5G era [208].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [208] Rebello, 2019, Bsec-nfvo: a blockchain-based security for network function virtualization orchestration

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Data can be recorded in blocks and signed by miners so that sharing is securely implemented.

    “Data can be recorded in blocks and signed by miners so that sharing is securely implemented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [198] Qiu, 2019, Blockchain-based secure spectrum trading for unmanned aerial vehicle assisted cellular networks: an operator's perspective, IEEE Internet Things J.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § C. Network virtualization · p. 22

    Wireless network virtualization is an emerging paradigm in 5G to build different virtual wireless networks (VWNs) through mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) to support rapidly increasing data demands caused by emerging 5G IoT applications.

    “Wireless network virtualization is considered as an emerging paradigm in 5G to build different virtual wireless networks (VWNs) through mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) to support rapidly increasing data demands caused by emerging 5G IoT applications [172].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [172] Mollah, 2017, Secure data sharing and searching at the edge of cloud-assisted internet of things, IEEE Cloud Comput. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Data provenance records are published globally on blockchain, where blockchain nodes can participate in consensus for confirmation of every block.

    “Data provenance record is published globally on the blockchain, where blockchain nodes (i.e. mobile users, data owners, and service providers) can participate in consensus for confirmation of every block.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] Qiao, 2019, Blockchain empowered resource trading in mobile edge computing and networks

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Blockchain has the potential to help mitigate privacy exposure while allowing users to benefit from trusted transactions and better data control.

    “Blockchain has the potential to help mitigate privacy exposure while allowing users to benefit from trusted transactions and better data control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [200] Rabah, 2017, Overview of blockchain as the engine of the 4th industrial revolution, Mara Res. J. Bus. Manag.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Blockchain is capable of providing full control of monitoring personal data when sharing on the network, unlike traditional approaches that hinder users from tracking their data.

    “Interestingly, blockchain is capable of providing full control of monitoring personal data when sharing on the network, which is unique from all traditional approaches which hinder users from tracking their data [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Akpakwu, 2017, A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § B. Data sharing · p. 21

    In IoT networks, data transmission has faced various challenges in terms of low security, high management cost of data centre and supervision complexity due to reliance on external infrastructure.

    “In IoT networks, data transmission has faced various challenges in terms of low security, high management cost of data centre and supervision complexity due to the reliance on the external infrastructure [165].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [165] Makhdoom, 2019, Blockchain's adoption in iot: the challenges, and a way forward, J. Netw. Comput. Appl. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § H. Security services · p. 26

    Access is granted only when consensus is achieved among all entities, which enhances reliability of the access control architecture.

    “The access is granted only when a consensus is achieved among all entities, which enhances reliability of the access control architecture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [210] Ren, 2019, Using blockchain to enhance and optimize IoT-based intelligent traffic system

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § E. Interference management · p. 24

    Distributed interference management with blockchain would be a feasible approach to cope with such challenges and facilitate interference management.

    “Distributed interference management with blockchain would be a feasible approach to cope with such challenges and facilitate interference management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § C. Network virtualization · p. 22

    Network virtualization is able to enhance wireless resource (RF slice) utilization, provide better coverage, and increase network capacity and energy efficiency.

    “Network virtualization is able to enhance wireless resource (RF slice) utilization, provide better coverage, and increase network capacity and energy efficiency [173].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Monrat, 2019, A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Data sharing · p. 21

    Smart contracts can take the role of building a trusted execution environment so that we can establish a set of information exchange frameworks working on blockchain.

    “Smart contracts can take the role of building a trusted execution environment so that we can establish a set of information exchange frameworks working on blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    With cryptographically secured encryption and common investment of network peers via a consensus mechanism, blockchain empowers a decentralized and openly extendable network while protecting data on the network.

    “With the combination of the cryptographically secured encryption and the common investment of the network peers via a consensus mechanism, blockchain empowers a decentralized and openly extendable network while protecting data on the network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [201] Rahman, 2019, Blockchain and IoT-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § H. Security services · p. 27

    Blockchain stores information of data history and database stored in blockchain is strongly resistant to modifications, which improves data integrity.

    “The blockchain store information of data history and database stored in blockchain is strong resistant to modifications, which improves data integrity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] Sanka, 2018, Efficient high performance fpga based nosql caching system for blockchain scalability and throughput improvement

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    An automated access-control and audit mechanism can enforce user data privacy policies when sharing data across third parties for privacy preservation.

    “An automated access-control and audit mechanism is considered wherein blockchain enforces user data privacy policies when sharing their data across third parties for privacy preservation [199].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] Qiu, 2019, Cloud computing assisted blockchain-enabled internet of things, IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Network virtualization · p. 22

    All participants of each virtual network slice are managed by a slice blockchain, which provides auditability of slice creation, monitors orchestration operations and data access of clients to the data centre.

    “All participants of each virtual network slice is managed by a slice blockchain, which provides auditability of slice creation, monitors orchestration operations and data access of clients to the data centre.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Privacy challenges in 5G come from end-to-end data privacy, data sharing privacy, trust issues in information flows, and trust issues in centralized mobile data architectures with third parties.

    “According to a survey work in [49], the privacy challenges in 5G come from various aspects, such as endto-end data privacy, data sharing privacy, trust issues in information flows, and trust issues in centralized mobile data architectures with third parties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Confais, 2017, An object store service for a fog/edge computing infrastructure based on ipfs and a scale-out nas

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Data sharing · p. 21

    Due to the decentralized architecture which enables data processing for user requests over distributed nodes, the overall system latency for data delivery is greatly reduced and network congestion can be eliminated, which improves the performance of data sharing with blockchain.

    “Due to the decentralized architecture which enables data processing for user requests over the distributed nodes, the overall system latency for data delivery is greatly reduced and the network congestion can be eliminated, which improves the performance of data sharing with blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § G. Privacy · p. 25

    Laws and regulations for data protection could be programmed into blockchain so that they are enforced automatically.

    “Laws and regulations for data protection could be programmed into the blockchain so that they are enforced automatically.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § G. Privacy · p. 26

    Data storage on blockchain can be solved efficiently, and each operation will be strictly supervised via blocks.

    “Therefore, data storage on blockchain can be solved efficiently, and each operation will be strictly supervised via blocks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [203] Raju, 2017, Identity management using blockchain for cognitive cellular networks

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § F. Federated learning · p. 24

    Federated learning provides an ability to protect privacy of mobile devices while ensuring high learning performance and thus promises to play a significant role in supporting privacy-sensitive 5G mobile applications such as edge computing and catching, networking, and spectrum management.

    “This emerging approach provides an ability to protect privacy of mobile devices while ensuring high learning performance and thus promises to play a significant role in supporting privacysensitive 5G mobile applications such as edge computing and catching, networking, and spectrum management [189].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [189] Paglierani, 2019, Techno-economic analysis of 5G immersive media services in cloud-enabled small cell networks: the neutral host business model: providing techno-economic guidelines for the successful provision of 5G innovative services in small cell networks, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § E. Interference management · p. 24

    Small size networks can deliver advantages such as high data rate and low signal delay, but are likely to suffer from inter-cell, intra-cell, and inter-user interferences.

    “Although the telecom operators provide mobile services with the implementation of small size networks which can deliver various advantages such as high data rate and low signal delay, it is likely to suffer from various issues such as inter-cell, intra-cell, and inter-user interferences [182].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [182] Nguyen, 2019, Blockchain-based mobility-as-a-service

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § D. Resource management · p. 23

    The use of blockchain enables distributed resource allocation schemes as a strong alternative which is more preferable for both service providers and mobile users/equipments.

    “The use of blockchain enables the distributed resource allocation schemes as a strong alternative which is more preferable for both the service providers (edge/cloud, slice providers) and also mobile users/equipments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Smart city · p. 29

    A private blockchain using a ledger database is important to securely store all information generated from IoT devices during data exchange, data offloading and computation services.

    “A private blockchain using a ledger database is important to securely store all information generated from IoT devices during data exchange, data offloading and computation services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Smart healthcare · p. 28

    Optimal resource allocation can be achieved to ensure the quality of data transmission of the whole network, and user information is secured due to storing on blockchain ledgers.

    “As a result, the optimal resource allocation can be achieved to ensure the quality of data transmission of the whole network, and user information is secured due to storing on blockchain ledgers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [181] Nguyen, 2019, Blockchain for secure ehrs sharing of mobile cloud based e-health systems, IEEE Access

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § B. Smart city · p. 29

    Use of distributed blockchain provides more benefits than centralized architectures with a central cloud server in terms of lower latency, energy consumption, better service delivery, faster user response with security and privacy guarantees.

    “It is also demonstrated that the use of distributed blockchain provides more benefits than the centralized architectures with a central cloud server in terms of lower latency, energy consumption, better service delivery, faster user response with security and privacy guarantees [250].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [250] Wang, 2018, Millimeter wave communication: a comprehensive survey, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Network function resources can be shared at a faster speed via blockchain compared to conventional centralized schemes, facilitating service delivery.

    “Moreover, the network function resource can be shared at a faster speed, compared to conventional centralized schemes, which thus facilitates service delivery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § C. Smart transportation · p. 30

    Smart contracts can authenticate and verify vehicular transactions by triggering programmed logic functions, enabling direct authentication for registered vehicles without revealing device privacy and preventing attacks from malicious vehicles.

    “In this regard, smart contract would be a notable approach which can authenticate and verify vehicular transactions by triggering the programmed logic functions [259]. This enables direct authentication for registered vehicles without revealing device privacy and effectively prevents potential attacks from malicious vehicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [259] Weiss, 2019, On the application of blockchains to spectrum management, IEEE Trans. Cognit. Commun. Netw. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain-based cloud computing enables decentralization of cloud/edge 5G networks, removing centralized control at the core network and offering a decentralized fair agreement via blockchain consensus.

    “The concept of blockchain-based cloud computing enables decentralization of cloud/edge 5G networks [64], [78] which gets rid of centralized control at the core network and offers a decentralized fair agreement with blockchain consensus platform.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64] Fan, 2017, Blockchain-based efficient privacy preserving and data sharing scheme of content-centric network in 5G, IET Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [78] Gamal, 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Current network slice instances are based on open cloud-based architectures, and attackers may abuse the capacity elasticity of one slice to consume resources of another target slice, making the target slice out of service.

    “Currently, the design of network slice instances is based on the open cloud-based architectures, and attackers may abuse the capacity elasticity of one slice to consume the resources of another target slice, which makes the target slice out of service.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain is expected to facilitate 5G services by adding security properties and simplifying service management.

    “Blockchain is expected to facilitate the 5G services by adding security properties and simplification of service management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain is regarded as a middle layer to perform spectrum trading, verify sharing transactions, and securely lease spectrum provided by spectrum resource providers (license holders).

    “Blockchain is regarded as a middle layer to perform spectrum trading, verify sharing transactions and lease securely the spectrum provided by spectrum resource providers, i.e. license holders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § H. Security services · p. 27

    Blockchain can bring more advantages than conventional approaches using third party auditors in terms of high trust degree and transparency.

    “Blockchain can bring more advantages than conventional approaches using third party auditors in terms of high trust degree and transparency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [228] Siris, 2019, Trusted d2d-based IoT resource access using smart contracts

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § D. Smart grid · p. 31

    Blockchain, a decentralized database platform, enables completely new technological systems and business models for energy management with added features such as decentralization, security, privacy and transparency.

    “In this regard, blockchain, a decentralized database platform, enables completely new technological systems and business models for energy management with added features such as decentralization, security, privacy and transparency [129].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [129] Li, 2018, Block-secure: blockchain based scheme for secure p2p cloud storage, Inf. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain can be exploited to build reliable end-to-end network slices and allow network slice providers to manage their resources, providing dynamic control of resource reliability.

    “Blockchain can be exploited to build reliable end-to-end network slices and allow network slide providers to manage their resources, providing the dynamic control of resource reliability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § H. Security services · p. 27

    Mobile user access needs to be authenticated to detect and prevent potential malicious behaviours to network resources, which preserves the involved system and enhances network robustness.

    “Mobile user access needs to be authenticated to detect and prevent any potential malicious behaviours to network resources (i.e. database, computing resources), which preserves the involved system and enhances the network robustness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Smart healthcare · p. 28

    All transaction blocks are visible to healthcare network members, including doctors, clinicians, and patients, to accelerate data sharing during medications and treatment processes.

    “All transaction blocks are also visible to healthcare network members, including doctors, clinicians, and patients to accelerate data sharing during medications and treatment processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § D. Smart grid · p. 31

    In the 5G energy network slice, electricity can be allocated to each power user in the housing society through a distributed blockchain platform where all users are interlinked with energy providers on secured and distributed ledgers.

    “In the 5G energy network slice, the electricity can be allocated to each power user in the housing society through a distributed blockchain platform where all users are interlinked with energy providers on secured and distributed ledgers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    The current 5G technology infrastructure is mainly enabled by centralized network settings such as edge/cloud computing and SDN, which show security vulnerabilities due to reliance on third parties.

    “The current 5G technology infrastructure is mainly enabled by the centralized network settings, such as edge/cloud computing, and SDN which obviously show security vulnerabilities due to the reliance of third parties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Smart healthcare · p. 28

    Integration of blockchain with 5G technologies can advance current healthcare systems and provide performance benefits in decentralization, security, privacy, service efficiency and system simplification for lower operational costs.

    “The integration of blockchain with 5G technologies can advance current healthcare systems and provide more performance benefits in terms of better decentralization, security, privacy [234], service efficiency and system simplification for lower operational costs [168].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [234] Taleb, 2017, On multi-access edge computing: a survey of the emerging 5G network edge cloud architecture and orchestration, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [168] Mehta, 2020, Blockchain envisioned uav networks: challenges, solutions, and comparisons, Comput. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § D. Smart grid · p. 31

    In a blockchain-based data aggregation network, an aggregator only collects data and all other users share the equal right to verify and validate transactions to achieve consensus, which eliminates risks of single points of failure and improves system trust.

    “Such an aggregator only collects data and all other users share the equal right to verify and validate transactions to achieve consensus, which eliminates the risks of single points of failure and improves system trust accordingly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [263] Wu, 2018, A survey of physical layer security techniques for 5g wireless networks and challenges ahead, IEEE J. Sel. Area. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § B. Smart city · p. 29

    Blockchain can be a promising candidate to solve critical security issues and empower smart city services.

    “In this scenario, blockchain can be a promising candidate to solve critical security issues and empower smart city services [245], [246].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [245] Valtanen, 2018, Creating value through blockchain powered resource configurations: analysis of 5G network slice brokering case

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [246] Valtanen, 2019, Blockchain-powered value creation in the 5G and smart grid use cases, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Smart city · p. 29

    From the security perspective, blockchain would be a natural choice to establish decentralized security solutions by interconnecting edge nodes, IoT devices and city users.

    “From the security perspective, blockchain would be a natural choice to establish decentralized security solutions by interconnecting edge nodes, IoT devices and city users, where data sharing, computation and business transactions can be performed on the blockchain ledger platform.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Secure spectrum resource provision can be achieved via blockchain, which provides a decentralized sharing platform for network servers, service providers, and customers.

    “The secure spectrum resource provision can be achieved via blockchain which provides a decentralized sharing platform of the network of network servers, service providers and customers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain adoption is beneficial to spectrum management in terms of better scalability, power efficiency in spectrum usage, improved accessibility with high security, and better protection against DoS attacks and threats.

    “Many research studies on blockchain [150], [151], [152], [153] demonstrate that the blockchain adoption is beneficial to spectrum management in terms of better scalability, power efficiency in spectrum usage, improved accessibility with high degree of security and better system protection capability against DoS attacks and threats.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [150] Liu, 2019, Deep reinforcement learning based performance optimization in blockchain-enabled internet of vehicle

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [151] Liu, 2019, Efficient qos support for robust resource allocation in blockchain-based femtocell networks, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Liu, 2019, Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile edge computing, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Smart healthcare · p. 28

    All stored data on blockchain is signed digitally and identified by hash values, which solves privacy leaking issues from tampering or forging.

    “All stored data on blockchain is signed digitally and identified by hash values, which also solve privacy leaking issues from tampering or forging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [237] The road to the next wave of tech: 5G blockchain

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain can offer technical properties including decentralization, privacy, immutability, traceability, and transparency to empower 5G technologies.

    “Blockchain can offer many promising technical properties such as decentralization, privacy, immutability, traceability, and transparency to empower 5G technologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Smart transportation · p. 30

    Blockchain technology envisions a trustless network to eliminate the operation cost of intermediary participation, which will realize a quicker, safer and cheaper way in ITS systems.

    “The blockchain technology envisions a trustless network to eliminate the operation cost of the intermediary participation, which will realize a quicker, safer and cheaper way in ITS systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § A. Smart healthcare · p. 28

    Blockchain provides a consensus protocol to verify patient priority, defined as the level of wireless resources that a user needs for their computation.

    “Blockchain provides a consensus protocol to verify the patient priority which is defined as the level of wireless resources that a user needs for their computation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [181] Nguyen, 2019, Blockchain for secure ehrs sharing of mobile cloud based e-health systems, IEEE Access

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § A. Smart healthcare · p. 29

    A decentralized storage IPFS run by blockchain combined with cloud computing makes data sharing more efficient in low latency, easy data management and improved data privacy compared to centralized cloud architectures.

    “In particular, a decentralized storage IPFS run by blockchain is combined with cloud computing to make data sharing more efficient in terms of low latency, easy data management and improved data privacy, compared to centralized cloud architectures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [242] Uchibeke, 2018, Blockchain access control ecosystem for big data security

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [243] Unal, 2020, Policy specification and verification for blockchain and smart contracts in 5g networks, ICT Express source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain-based peer-to-peer communication would potentially reduce communication latency and transaction costs and provide global accessibility, enhancing overall system performance.

    “This would potentially reduce communication latency, transaction costs, and provide the global accessibility for all users, all of which will enhance the overall system performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 33

    Blockchain can boost trust and transparency among participants and stakeholders and enable more seamless and dynamic exchange of computing resources.

    “On the one hand, blockchain can boost the trust and transparency among participants and stakeholders and enable more seamless and dynamic exchange of computing resources in the cooperative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § H. Security services · p. 27

    A time stamp in conjunction with signature and hash values can provide a time-sensitive data integrity service with a high degree of system security.

    “The time stamp in conjunction with signature and hash values can provide a time-sensitive data integrity service with a high degree of system security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [223] Sharma, 2017, Dynamic spectrum sharing in 5G wireless networks with full-duplex technology: recent advances and research challenges, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Blockchain consensus mechanisms require multiple transaction transmissions among nodes to validate a block, consuming network resources (bandwidth, mining power, transmission power) and resulting in high network latency.

    “Further, stemming from the property of blockchain consensus mechanisms which require multiple transaction transmissions among nodes to validate a block, the blockchain operation needs to consume much network resources (i.e. bandwidth, mining power, and transmission power), which also results in high network latency [290].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [290] Yue, 2017, Big data model of security sharing based on blockchain

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    An autonomous entity can act as a network member to honestly perform cloud data processing while obtaining personal information without user consent, leading to serious information leakage.

    “Specifically, an autonomous entity can act as a network member to honestly perform the cloud data processing, but meanwhile obtains personal information without the consent of users, which leads to serious information leakage issues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Integrating blockchain with 5G technologies can advance current IoT systems and provide performance benefits including better decentralization, security, privacy, service efficiency, and system simplification for lower operational costs.

    “The integration of blockchain with 5G technologies can advance current IoT systems and provide more performance benefits in terms of better decentralization, security, privacy, service efficiency and system simplification for lower operational costs [168].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] Mehta, 2020, Blockchain envisioned uav networks: challenges, solutions, and comparisons, Comput. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Blockchain is considered a secure database platform to ensure safety and privacy for involved 5G networks.

    “Blockchain is considered as secure database platform to ensure safety and privacy for involved 5G networks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Sharing data over untrusted environments is highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks that can monitor and obtain user information profiles (e.g., patient information in healthcare, customer data in smart grid).

    “Importantly, the sharing of data over the untrusted environments is highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks, which can monitor and obtain the user information profile (patient information in healthcare of customer data in smart grid).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    In complex 5G IoT scenarios such as smart cities, enormous IoT workload and data will cause rapid growth in IoT blockchain size, making it difficult to process high volumes of data.

    “Considering complex 5G IoT scenarios, i.e. smart cities, the IoT workload and data are enormous and thus will result in the rapid growth in the IoT blockchain size, making it difficult to process high volumes of data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    With advances in mobile 5G technologies, blockchain can now be implemented in mobile devices to provide more flexible blockchain-based solutions for 5G IoT applications.

    “With the advances of mobile 5G technologies, blockchain now can be implemented in mobile devices to provide more flexible blockchain-based solutions for 5G IoT applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 36

    Lightweight blockchain solutions potentially simplify the mining process for lower energy consumption and better latency efficiency, contributing to QoS improvements in blockchain-5G applications.

    “These solutions potentially simplify the blockchain mining process for lower energy consumption and better latency efficiency, which make greats contributions to the QoS improvements in blockchain-5G applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    In a decentralized virtual network, smart contracts can provide automation and transparency in a distributed way instead of trusting a particular node or authority to process transactions, enhancing trustworthiness of resource management services.

    “In such a decentralized virtual network, smart contracts can be very useful to provide automation and transparency in a distributed way instead of trusting a particular node or an authority process transactions, which also enhances the trustworthiness of the resource management services.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Offloading IoT data to blockchain would preserve IoT data against threats and reduce data storage burden on UAVs, potentially prolonging UAV operations for better service delivery.

    “This would not only preserve IoT data against threats but also reduce the data storage burden on UAV, which is promising to prolong the duration of UAV operations for better service delivery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    UAVs, with high mobility and flexibility, can be a promising transmission solution for aerial and terrestrial communication systems, but they face critical security challenges due to adversaries and short battery life.

    “UAV with its high mobility and flexibility can be a promising transmission solution for aerial and terrestrial communication systems, but it also remains critical challenges in terms of security due to adversaries and short battery life.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Blockchain is capable of providing full control of personal data when sharing on the network, unlike traditional approaches that hinder users from tracking their data.

    “Blockchain is capable of providing full control of personal data when sharing on the network, which is unique from all traditional approaches which hinder users from tracking their data [12].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Akpakwu, 2017, A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Criminals can leverage smart contracts for illegal purposes, facilitating leakage of confidential information and theft of cryptographic keys.

    “Furthermore, criminals can leverage smart contracts for illegal purposes, facilitating the leakage of confidential information, theft of cryptographic keys.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 36

    Blockchain requires network bandwidth resources to perform its consensus process.

    “Further, blockchain also requires network bandwidth resources to perform its consensus process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    External attacks can gain malicious access to retrieve cloud data or alter and modify illegally outsourced IoT records on cloud.

    “External attacks can also gain malicious access to retrieve cloud data, or even alter and modify illegally outsourced IoT records on cloud.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    By implementing direct and secure interconnection among users, service providers (e.g., hospitals, traffic control units), and network operators, data sharing, resource sharing, and cooperative communication can be achieved securely and with low latency.

    “By implementing a direct and secure interconnection in a network of users, service providers (i.e. hospital in healthcare or traffic control units in smart transportation) and network operators, the data sharing, resource sharing and cooperative communication can be achieved in a secure and low-latency manner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    A serious security bottleneck is a 51% attack, where a group of miners controls more than 50% of the network's mining hash rate or computing power, preventing new transactions from gaining confirmations and halting payments between service providers and IoT users.

    “A serious security bottleneck is 51% attack which means that a group of miners controls more than 50% of the networks mining hash rate, or computing power, which prevents new transactions from gaining confirmations and halts payments between service providers and IoT users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    In current 5G IoT systems, data can be stored off-chain in cloud computing to reduce the burden on blockchain.

    “In addition to that, in current 5G IoT systems, data can be stored off-chain in cloud computing to reduce the burden on blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    UAVs can collect data from IoT devices and offload it to the blockchain, where data is hashed and recorded securely on the ledger.

    “UAV can collect data from the IoT devices and offload data to the blockchain, where data is hashed and recorded securely on the ledger.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Curious users or attackers can analyze publicly available blockchain information and track participants' activities, leading to leakage of information secrets such as personal data.

    “Consequently, curious users or attacks can analyse such information and keep track of activities of participants, which can lead to leakage of information secrets such as personal data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Blockchain is a notable solution to address data-sharing security challenges by securing transactions and verifying user access.

    “Blockchain comes as a notable solution to address such challenges by securing the transaction and verifying the user access.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Blockchain is computationally expensive and requires significant bandwidth resources to perform computational mining puzzles.

    “Blockchain is computationally expensive and requires significant bandwidth resources to perform computational mining puzzle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A. Main findings · p. 34

    Blockchain is expected to offer security merits including access control via smart contracts, data integrity via the decentralized ledger, and authentication from consensus and smart contracts.

    “Besides, blockchain is expected to offer a wide range of security merits such as access control enabled by smart contracts, data integrity thanks to the decentralized ledger and authentication from consensus process and smart contracts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 34

    Block generation time increases rapidly due to block size limitations, limiting overall system throughput.

    “Therefore, the block generation time increases rapidly, which limits the overall system throughput.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 36

    One of the most important goals of future 5G is to provide user-centric values with high QoS to satisfy growing demands of user traffic and emerging services.

    “It is noting that one of the most important goals of future 5G is to provide user-centric values with high QoS to satisfy the growing demands of user traffic and emerging services [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Adhikari, 2019, Wireless network virtualization by leveraging blockchain technology and machine learning

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Recent security research efforts contribute to addressing security issues in blockchain 5G environments and improving overall system performance.

    “Such research efforts make contributions to addressing security issues in blockchain 5G environments and improving the overall performance of the system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 35

    Adversaries can exploit the 51% vulnerability to modify transaction ordering, hamper normal mining operations, or initiate double-spending attacks, degrading the blockchain network.

    “Seriously, adversaries can exploit this vulnerability to perform attacks, for example, they can modify the ordering of transactions, hamper normal mining operations or initiate double-spending attack, all of which can degrade the blockchain network [296].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [296] Zhang, 2017, A survey of advanced techniques for spectrum sharing in 5G networks, IEEE Wireless Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Big data analytics on cloud/edge computing are highly vulnerable to cyberattacks in complex operational and business environments.

    “Further, big data analytics on cloud/edge computing are also highly vulnerable to cyberattacks in the complex operational and business environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    A large amount of multimedia data generated from ubiquitous 5G IoT devices can be exploited to enable data-related applications such as data analytics and data extraction empowered by artificial intelligence solutions.

    “A large amount of multimedia data generated from ubiquitous 5G IoT devices can be exploited to enable data-related applications, for example, data analytics, data extraction empowered by artificial intelligence solutions [315].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [315]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Machine learning exhibits great potential for data feature discovery to predict data usage behavior for developing control algorithms, such as data traffic estimation for network congestion avoidance or user access tracking for privacy preservation.

    “ML also exhibits great potential on data feature discovery to predict data usage behaviour for developing control algorithms, such as data traffic estimation for network congestion avoidance or user access tracking for privacy preservation [226].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [226] Siddavaatam, 2019, Joint optimisation of radio and infrastructure resources for energy-efficient massive data storage in the mobile cloud over 5G hetnet, IET Wirel. Sens. Syst. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 36

    Using offloading solutions would significantly improve the performance of blockchain-5G systems, including saving system energy, reducing computation latency, and improving the quality of computation experience for mobile devices.

    “By using offloading solutions, the performance of blockchain-5G systems would be improved significantly, such as saving system energy, reducing computation latency and improving the quality of computation experience for mobile devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Cloud computing services can offer high storage capabilities to cope with the expansion of quantity and diversity of digital IoT data.

    “Cloud computing services can offer high storage capabilities to cope with the expansion of quantity and diversity of digital IoT data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Machine learning can interact with the wireless environment to facilitate resource management and user communication.

    “For example, ML has the ability to interact with the wireless environment to facilitate resource management and user communication [225].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [225] Sharma, 2019, Neural-blockchain-based ultrareliable caching for edge-enabled UAV networks, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § B. Challenges and Open issues · p. 36

    As a result, system QoS will be enhanced while blockchain features are ensured for high-level network security.

    “As a result, the system QoS will be enhanced while blockchain features are ensured for high level network security.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Blockchain can offer transparency and trustworthiness for sharing big data among service providers and data owners.

    “Specifically, blockchain can offer transparency and trustworthiness for the sharing of big data among service providers and data owners.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 37

    Blockchain has provided enormous opportunities to 5G mobile networks due to its exceptional security properties.

    “In summary, blockchain has provided enormous opportunities to 5G mobile networks thanks to its exceptional security properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Preliminary results show that blockchain can bring various advantages in terms of security and performance enhancement to big data applications in the age of 5G.

    “Such preliminary results show that blockchain can bring various advantages in terms of security and performance enhancement to big data applications in the age of 5G.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Blockchain provides a secure decentralized environment where operating reports and network configurations can be replicated and synchronized among edge servers, facilitating network diagnosis and enabling reliable orchestration.

    “Meanwhile, blockchain provides a secure decentralized environment where operating reports and network configurations can be replicated and synchronized among edge servers, which can facilitate network diagnosis and enable reliable orchestration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Machine learning technology transforms current 5G services by enabling learning from data and providing data-driven insights, decision support, and predictions.

    “The revolution of machine learning (ML) technology transforms current 5G services by enabling its ability to learn from data and provide data-driven insights, decision support, and predictions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    The decentralized management associated with authentication and reliability of blockchain can provide high-security guarantees to big data resources.

    “Indeed, the decentralized management associated with authentication and reliability of blockchain can provide high-security guarantees to big data resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Big data technologies can face challenges including data privacy leakage, access control, and security vulnerabilities due to highly sophisticated data thefts.

    “However, big data technologies can face various challenges, ranging from data privacy leakage, access control to security vulnerabilities due to highly sophisticated data thefts [316].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [316]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    By eliminating the fear of security bottlenecks, blockchain can enable universal data exchange, empowering large-scale 5G big data deployments.

    “By eliminating the fear of security bottlenecks, blockchain can enable universal data exchange which empowers large-scale 5G big data deployments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    In the age of data explosion, big data is a hot research topic in 5G.

    “In the age of data explosion, big data becomes a hot research topic in 5G [314].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [314]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Blockchain appears as the ideal candidate to solve big data-related issues.

    “In such contexts, blockchain appears as the ideal candidate to solve big data-related issues [317].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [317]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § VII. CONCLUSIONS · p. 37

    Research on blockchain for 5G wireless networks is still in its infancy.

    “Research on blockchain for 5G wireless networks is still in its infancy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 36

    Rapid developments in blockchain technology are creating new opportunities for artificial intelligence applications.

    “The rapid developments in blockchain technology are creating new opportunities for artificial intelligence applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § VII. CONCLUSIONS · p. 37

    Blockchain is recognized as one of the key enablers for 5G networks due to its role in security assurance and network performance improvements.

    “Blockchain is an emerging technology that has drawn significant attention recently and is recognized as one of the key enablers for 5G networks thanks to its unique role to security assurance and network performance improvements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § C. Future research directions · p. 37

    The convergence of blockchain and 5G technologies has reshaped and transformed current 5G service provision models with minimal management effort, high system performance, and high degrees of security.

    “The convergence of blockchain and 5G technologies has reshaped and transformed the current 5G service provision models with minimal management effort, high system performance with high degrees of security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
209 of 209

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    5G wireless networks will be decentralized and ubiquitous service-oriented, with special emphasis on security and privacy requirements from the perspective of services.

    “Unlike the legacy cellular networks, 5G wireless networks are going to be decentralized and ubiquitous service-oriented which have a special emphasis on security and privacy requirements from the perspective of services.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The dynamics of new technologies and services in 5G networks pose new requirements on security and privacy beyond protecting data integrity.

    “Another reason is the dynamics of new technologies and services in 5G networks, which pose new requirements on security and privacy beyond protecting data integrity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Security management in 5G is more complex due to various types and a massive number of devices connected.

    “In particular, the security management in 5G is more complex due to various types of and a massive number of devices connected.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The benefits of blockchain for 5G networks outweigh its costs and limitations, so 5G should leverage blockchain.

    “Therefore, 5G should leverage the benefits of blockchain to accommodate flexibility and security in providing mobile network services and ubiquitous coverage.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Blockchain can be practically deployed in 5G networks without introducing unacceptable latency, overhead or other operational penalties.

    “blockchain can provide better data storage and management services with low latency data retrieval.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fixed spectrum allocation strategies are inefficient because license holders do not continuously utilize their full spectrum allocation.

    “Some solutions have been proposed, including the fixed spectrum allocation strategies, but these approaches are inefficient in terms of wasteful spectrum usage because the license holders (or primary users) do not continuously utilize their full spectrum allocation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Spectrum sharing in scenarios with secondary users raises security concerns and provides a central point of attack for malicious users.

    “However, spectrum sharing in such scenarios also raises security concerns and provides a central point of attack for malicious users.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    One of the biggest problems for unlicensed spectrum utilization is the unfair competition between MNOs for the utilization of unlicensed spectrum resources which are free to use and quite often available.

    “One of the biggest problems for unlicensed spectrum utilization is the unfair competition between MNOs for the utilization of unlicensed spectrum resources which are free to use and quite often available.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most UAVs in the market operate on the unlicensed spectrum over an untrusted environment with significant security and privacy threats because of untrusted broadcast features and wireless transmission of UAV networks.

    “Currently, most UAVs in the market operate on the unlicensed spectrum (i.e., the industrial, scientific and medical bands) over the untrusted environment with significant security and privacy threats because of untrusted broadcast features and wireless transmission of UAV networks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mobile users tend to use information without caring about where it is located and the level of reliability of the information delivery, and the ability to control a large scale of information over the Internet is very weak.

    “Mobile users tend to use information without caring about where it is located and the level of reliability of the information delivery, and the ability to control a large scale of information over the Internet is very weak.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Blockchain miners can check whether a requester meets the corresponding access control policy.

    “To control the user access to data resources, blockchain miners can check whether the requester meets the corresponding access control policy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Without authenticating user priorities, insufficient wireless resources may be allocated to users who are actually in high priorities.

    “Without authenticating the users priorities can lead to insufficient wireless resources to the users who are actually in high priorities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current resource management architectures mainly rely on a central authority to perform resource allocation and verification of user resource access, but such models remain single point failure risks and security from the third party.

    “Importantly, the current resource management architectures mainly rely on a central authority to perform resource allocation and verification of user resource access, but such models obviously remain single point failure risks and security from the third party.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The traceability of current resource sharing schemes is very weak, which makes shared resources being compromised by attacks or used illegally by malicious users.

    “Moreover, the traceability of the current resource sharing schemes is very weak, which makes shared resources being compromised by attacks or used illegally by malicious users.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Edge/cloud computing in 5G needs to allocate its computation capacity to ensure efficient data execution while maintaining resources to serve the increasing demands of mobile users in the long term.

    “Edge/cloud computing in 5G needs to allocate its computation capacity to ensure efficient data execution while maintaining resources to serve the increasing demands of mobile users in the long term.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In virtualized networks, the VNFs of a single slice may have heterogeneous resource requirements (CPU, memory, bandwidth, storage) depending on their functions and user requirements.

    “In virtualized networks, the VNFs of a single slice may have heterogeneous resource requirements, i.e., CPU, memory, bandwidth and storage, depending on their functions and user requirements.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The resource demands of slices of the same function type may be different because they serve different numbers of mobile users.

    “The resource demands of slices of the same function type may be also different since they are serving different number of mobile users.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The problem of interference management in 5G infrastructural wireless networks is expected to become critical due to unexpected data content traffic and numbers of 5G IoT devices.

    “The problem of interference management in the 5G infrastructural wireless networks is expected to become critical due to the unexpected data content traffic and numbers of 5G IoT devices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In data-intensive service scenarios, D2D communication can be a good choice to implement low-latency data transmission.

    “In the data-intensive service scenarios where a huge amount of mobile data is required to be transmitted in cellular networks, D2D communication can be a good choice to implement lowlatency data transmission.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The coexistence of D2D devices and cellular users in the same spectrum and the short distance between D2D devices and users in small cells can result in cross-tier interference (CTI).

    “However, the coexistence of D2D devices and cellular users in the same spectrum for communication and the short distance between D2D devices and users in small cells can result in cross-tier interference (CTI).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The possibility of collaborating communication and sharing service benefits between mobile devices can be infeasible in practice due to interest conflict between them.

    “The possibility of collaborating communication and sharing service benefits between mobile devices can be infeasible in practice due to the interest conflict between them.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Passing a central authority for transaction consensus incurs additional costs of latency and transmission energy and raises security concerns from third parties.

    “This approach not only incurs additional costs of latency and transmission energy, but also raises security concerns from third parties.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cooperation of blockchain and federated learning has been considered in recent works to solve complex issues in mobile 5G wireless networks.

    “In particular, the cooperation of blockchain and federated learning has been considered in recent works to solve complex issues in mobile 5G wireless networks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During data sharing between users and service providers, transmitted data can be highly vulnerable to malicious threats such as data attacks.

    “During the data sharing between users and service providers, transmitted data can be highly vulnerable to malicious threats, i.e. data attacks, then privacy for shared data should be considered carefully.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In current IoT applications, private information management often relies on centralized databases owned by third-party organizations, and this architecture has weaknesses in data leakage from curious third parties and high communication latency.

    “In current IoT applications, the private information management often relies on centralized databases owned by thirdparty organizations for data services such as data processing, data storage, data sharing. However, it is easy to find that this architecture remains weaknesses in terms of data leakage coming from curious third parties and high communication latency due to such centralized models.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Electric vehicles can be considered as mobile power backup devices to support the smart grid for load flattening, peak shaving and frequency regulation.

    “In fact, EVs can be considered as a mobile power backup device to support the smart grid for load flattening, peak shaving and frequency regulation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Private user information such as home address and personal information may be disposed and adversaries can track users to obtain electricity consumption profiles.

    “However, a critical drawback is that private user information such as home address, personal information may be disposed and adversaries can track users to obtain electricity consumption profile.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    How to provide smart city services with high efficiency and security remains unsolved.

    “Despite the potential vision of smart cities, how to provide smart city services with high efficiency and security remains unsolved.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a lack of a comprehensive review on the integration of blockchain and 5G networks.

    “This work is motivated by the lack of a comprehensive review on the integration of blockchain and 5G networks.”
29 of 29

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Ahad, 2019, 5G -based smart healthcare network: architecture, taxonomy, challenges and future research directions, IEEE Access, 7, 100747, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2930628 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Dragičević, 2019, Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid: a comprehensive review, Energies, 12, 2140, 10.3390/en12112140 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Feng, 2018, Consortium blockchain-based sift: outsourcing encrypted feature extraction in the d2d network, IEEE Access, 6, 52248, 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2869856 · DOI
  4. Gai, 2019, Permissioned blockchain and edge computing empowered privacy-preserving smart grid networks, IEEE Internet Things J., 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2904303 · DOI
  5. Liu, 2019, Decentralized resource allocation for video transcoding and delivery in blockchain-based system with mobile edge computing, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
  6. Lu, 2019, Blockchain and federated learning for privacy-preserved data sharing in industrial IoT, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.
  7. Ma, 2019, Privacy-oriented blockchain-based distributed key management architecture for hierarchical access control in the IoT scenario, IEEE Access, 7, 34045, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904042 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Rabah, 2017, Overview of blockchain as the engine of the 4th industrial revolution, Mara Res. J. Bus. Manag., 125
  9. Rouhani, 2019, Security, performance, and applications of smart contracts: a systematic survey, IEEE Access, 7, 50759, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2911031 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Taleb, 2017, On multi-access edge computing: a survey of the emerging 5G network edge cloud architecture and orchestration, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., 19, 1657, 10.1109/COMST.2017.2705720 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Wang, 2019, A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks, IEEE Access, 7, 22328, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2896108 · DOI
  12. Wang, 2019, Blockchain based anonymous authentication with key management for smart grid edge computing infrastructure, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.
  13. Yang, 2018, Differentially private data sharing in a cloud federation with blockchain, IEEE Cloud Comput., 5, 69, 10.1109/MCC.2018.064181122 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Zhang, 2019, Blockchain-based public integrity verification for cloud storage against procrastinating auditors, IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput.

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Authors
Nguyen, D. C., Pathirana, P. N., Ding, M., & Seneviratne, A.
Affiliations
  • Deakin University (AU)
  • Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author
Nguyen, Dinh C.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-09
Volume
166
Pages
102693
ISSN
1084-8045 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102693
OpenAlex
W3031802354
Semantic Scholar
1c7e468e222c6462a194a9cc8282230419812868
Cited by
412
References
393
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 1
FWCI
67.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Network and Computer Applications (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Software-Defined Networks and 5G
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
Keywords
blockchain, 5G, network security, edge computing, network function virtualization, network slicing, device-to-device communication, spectrum management, federated learning, privacy, Internet of Things, smart healthcare, smart cities, smart transportation, smart grid, unmanned aerial vehicles, network virtualization, resource management, interference management

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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