CNT/PDMS Composite Flexible Dry Electrodesfor Long-Term ECG Monitoring
Abstract
We fabricated a carbon nanotube (CNT)/ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite-based dry ECG electrode that can be readily connected to conventional ECG devices, and showed its long-term wearable monitoring capability and robustness to motion and sweat. While the dispersion of CNTs in PDMS is challenging, we optimized the process to disperse untreated CNTs within PDMS by mechanical force only. The electrical and mechanical characteristics of the CNT/PDMS electrode were tested according to the concentration of CNTs and its thickness. The performances of ECG electrodes were evaluated by using 36 types of electrodes which were fabricated with different concentrations of CNTs, and with a differing diameter and thickness. The ECG signals were obtained by using electrodes of diverse sizes to observe the effects of motion and sweat, and the proposed electrode was shown to be robust to both factors. The CNT concentration and diameter of the electrodes were critical parameters in obtaining high-quality ECG signals. The electrode was shown to be biocompatible from the cytotoxicity test. A seven-day continuous wearability test showed that the quality of the ECG signal did not degrade over time, and skin reactions such as itching or erythema were not observed. This electrode could be used for the long-term measurement of other electrical biosignals for ubiquitous health monitoring including EMG, EEG, and ERG.
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The high viability (exceeding 95%) of skin fibroblast cells and negligible side effects on examinees confirmed the good biocompatibility of CNT/PDMS dry electrodes.
“The high viability (exceeding 95%) of the skin fibroblast cells and negligible side effects on examinees confirmed the good biocompatibility of CNT/PDMS dry electrodes.”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [94]
Only preliminary experiments were performed on biocompatibility of nanomaterials for wearable applications.
“For example, only preliminary experiments were performed on biocompatibility of nanomaterials for wearable applications.[94,95,205]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [94]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Jung, H.-C., Moon, J.-H., Baek, D.-H., Lee, J.-H., Choi, Y.-Y., Hong, J.-S., & Lee, S.-H.
- Affiliations
- Korea University (KR)
- Soongsil University (KR)
- ORCID
- Yoon-Young Choi
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1472-1479
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2531
- OpenAlex
- W2140236254
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- flexible electrodes, CNT dispersion, motion robustness, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, skin reactions, ubiquitous health monitoring, electromyography, EEG, ERG
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clothing, Dimethylpolysiloxanes, Electrocardiography, Electrodes, Female, Humans, Male, Materials Testing, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Nanotubes, Carbon
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