Knowledge Graph Embedding: A Survey of Approaches and Applications
Abstract
Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is to embed components of a KG including entities and relations into continuous vector spaces, so as to simplify the manipulation while preserving the inherent structure of the KG. It can benefit a variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion and relation extraction, and hence has quickly gained massive attention. In this article, we provide a systematic review of existing techniques, including not only the state-of-the-arts but also those with latest trends. Particularly, we make the review based on the type of information used in the embedding task. Techniques that conduct embedding using only facts observed in the KG are first introduced. We describe the overall framework, specific model design, typical training procedures, as well as pros and cons of such techniques. After that, we discuss techniques that further incorporate additional information besides facts. We focus specifically on the use of entity types, relation paths, textual descriptions, and logical rules. Finally, we briefly introduce how KG embedding can be applied to and benefit a wide variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion, relation extraction, question answering, and so forth.
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Existing knowledge graphs are often incomplete.
“First, existing KGs are often incomplete, as it is difficult to incorporate all the concepts that humans have [6].”
From A Survey on Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Link Prediction (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
KG embeddings have a certain ability for reasoning.
“According to (Wang et al., 2017), KG embeddings have a certain ability for reasoning.”
From Implicit Relation Linking for Question Answering over Knowledge Graph (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2017
Knowledge graphs are widely acknowledged as incomplete.
“However, KG is widely acknowledged as incomplete (Wang et al., 2017)”
From Implicit Relation Linking for Question Answering over Knowledge Graph (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2017
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de Cruys, T. V., Umr, I., Poibeau, T., & Korhonen, A. (2013) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effective Blending of Two and Three-way Interactions for Modeling Multi-relational Data
García-Durán, A., Bordes, A., & Usunier, N. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44848-9_28 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Translation-Based Knowledge Graph Embedding Preserving Logical Property of Relations
Yoon, H.-G., Song, H.-J., Park, S.-B., & Park, S. (2016) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/n16-1105 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
SSE: Semantically Smooth Embedding for Knowledge Graphs
Guo, S., Wang, Q., Wang, B., et al. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2016.2638425 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning first-order logic embeddings via matrix factorization
Wang, W. Y., & Cohen, W. W. (2016) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Materializing and Querying Learned Knowledge
Tresp, V., Bundschus, M., Huang, Y., & Rettinger, A. (2009) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Distributed representation learning for knowledge graphs with entity descriptions
Fan, M., Zhou, Q., Zheng, T. F., et al. (2016) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2016.09.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Large-scale Knowledge Base Completion
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Joint Semantic Relevance Learning with Text Data and Graph Knowledge
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Context-Dependent Knowledge Graph Embedding
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Self-citationLogistic Tensor Factorization for Multi-Relational DataPreprint
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Entity Disambiguation with Freebase
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Entity Disambiguation with Freebase
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Link prediction in multi-relational graphs using additive models
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Knowledge Graph Representation with Jointly Structural and Textual EncodingPreprint
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Using Semantics and Statistics to Turn Data into Knowledge
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Survey on Knowledge Graphs: Representation, Acquisition, and Applications
Ji, S., Pan, S., Cambria, E., Marttinen, P., & Yu, P. S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070843 · Cited by 2,947 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Survey of Graph Embedding: Problems, Techniques, and Applications
Cai, H., Zheng, V. W., & Chang, K. C.-C. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2018.2807452 · Cited by 2,034 · see citing works
Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Hwang, G.-J., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gašević, D. (2020) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001 · Cited by 1,435 · see citing works
What Role Does Hydrological Science Play in the Age of Machine Learning?
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Zhang, J., & Tao, D. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3039359 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Traffic Flow Prediction via Spatial Temporal Graph Neural Network
Wang, X., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Jin, W., Wang, X., Tang, J., Jia, C., & Yu, J. (2020) · Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020 · doi:10.1145/3366423.3380186 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Knowledge Graph Embedding for Link Prediction
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“[63] and by Nguyen [40] are the most relevant to our work, as they specically focus on KG Embedding methods.”
BackgroundSimplE Embedding for Link Prediction in Knowledge Graphs
Kazemi, S. M., & Poole, D. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.04868 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
“Details and discussions of these approaches can be found in several recent surveys [27, 43].”
BackgroundYe, Q., Hsieh, C.-Y., Yang, Z., Kang, Y., Chen, J., Cao, D., He, S., & Hou, T. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27137-3 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
A Survey of Knowledge-enhanced Text Generation
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Self-citationA Survey on Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Link Prediction
Wang, M., Qiu, L., & Wang, X. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13030485 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Semantic Communication: A Survey on Research Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions
Getu, T. M., Kaddoum, G., & Bennis, M. (2024) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3520707 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
AI system engineering key challenges and lessons learned
Fischer, L., Ehrlinger, L., Geist, V., Ramler, R., Sobiezky, F., Zellinger, W., Brunner, D., Kumar, M., & Moser, B. (2020) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make3010004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Pretrain-KGE: Learning Knowledge Representation from Pretrained Language Models
Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Su, Q., Sun, X., & He, B. (2020) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020 · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.25 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sarkar, S., Gaur, M., Chen, L. K., Garg, M., & Srivastava, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1229805 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Language Models As or For Knowledge Bases
Razniewski, S., Yates, A., Kassner, N., & Weikum, G. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.04888 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ismail, M., Alrabaee, S., Choo, K.-K. R., Ali, L., & Harous, S. (2024) · Mobile Networks and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11036-024-02367-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Devarakonda, M. V., Mohanty, S., Sunkishala, R. R., Mallampalli, N., & Liu, X. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2024.104627 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
GENIUS: An agentic AI framework for autonomous design and execution of simulation protocols
Soleymanibrojeni, M., Aydin, R., Guedes-Sobrinho, D., Dias, A. C., Piotrowski, M. J., Wenzel, W., & Rêgo, C. R. C. (2026) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-026-01167-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Implicit Relation Linking for Question Answering over Knowledge Graph
Zhao, Y., Huang, J., Hu, W., Chen, Q., Qiu, X., Huo, C., & Ren, W. (2022) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022 · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.312 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nedisan Videsjorden, A., Song, H., Goknil, A., Roman, D., & Soylu, A. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Internet of Things · doi:10.1145/3772077 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, Q., Mao, Z., Wang, B., & Guo, L.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Information Security (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
- Published
- 2017-12-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2724-2743
- ISSN
- 1041-4347 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2759136286
- Cited by
- 2,654
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 288 · 2024: 346 · 2023: 438 · 2022: 397 · 2021: 418 · 2020: 324 · 2019: 181 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 92.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016QY03D0503, 2016QY03D0505)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61402465, 61502477)
- Fundamental Theory and Cutting Edge Technology Research Program
- Institute of Information Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y7Z0261101)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Advanced Graph Neural Networks
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Recommender Systems and Techniques
- Keywords
- knowledge graph embedding, entity embeddings, relation embeddings, knowledge graph completion, relation extraction, entity types, textual description, logical rules, question answering
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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