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The specificity of environmental influence: socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech.
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that children whose families differ in socioeconomic status (SES) differ in their rates of productive vocabulary development because they have different language-learning experiences. Naturalistic interaction between 33 high-SES and 30 mid-SES mothers and their 2-year-old children was recorded at 2 time points 10 weeks apart. Transcripts of these interactions provided the basis for estimating the growth in children's productive vocabularies between the first and second visits and properties of maternal speech at the first visit. The high-SES children grew more than the mid-SES children in the size of their productive vocabularies. Properties of maternal speech that differed as a function of SES fully accounted for this difference. Implications of these findings for mechanisms of environmental influence on child development are discussed.
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“Caregivers' education is known to affect infants' gestures, caregivers' contingent speech, and children's vocabulary outcomes (e.g., Hoff, 2003; McGillion et al., 2017; Rowe & Goldin‐Meadow, 2009).”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Hoff, 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“socioeconomic disparities are associated with children ' s language skills 9,27 as well as parental behaviors such as linguistic input and sensitivity. 28,29”
From Parenting Behavior and Child Language: A Meta-analysis. (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
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“This result is in contrast with many previous studies that show that maternal education is positively associated with children's vocabulary size (e.g., Feldman et al., 2000; Fenson et al., 2007; Hoff, 2003).”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Hoff, 2003
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The environment of childhood poverty
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoff, E.
- Affiliations
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoff, Erika
- ORCID
- Hoff, Erika
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-09-12
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1368-1378
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2165345255
- Cited by
- 2,346
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 204 · 2019: 202 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 140 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 103
- FWCI
- 29.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd020936-03)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD20936)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, vocabulary development, maternal speech, language learning, early childhood, mother-child interaction
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Development, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Verbal Behavior, Vocabulary
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