Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal

Zajonc, R.B.

doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00154

Cited by 1,299Aesthetic Perception and AnalysisMemory Processes and InfluencesSocial and Intergroup Psychology

Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal

Zajonc, R.B.·2001·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/1467-8721.00154

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In the mere-repeated-exposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individual's emerging preference for that object. Vast literature on the mere-repeated-exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. The effect has been demonstrated across cultures, species, and diverse stimulus domains. It has been obtained even when the stimuli exposed are not accessible to the participants’ awareness, and even prenatally. The repeated-exposure paradigm can be regarded as a form of classical conditioning if we assume that the absence of aversive events constitutes the unconditioned stimulus. Empirical research shows that a benign experience of repetition can in and of itself enhance positive affect, and that such affect can become attached not only to stimuli that have been exposed but also to similar stimuli that have not been previously exposed, and to totally distinct stimuli as well. Implications for affect as a fundamental and independent process are discussed in the light of neuroanatomical evidence.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/1467-8721.00154

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The mere exposure effect is applicable to many gaming or social media apps.
“Also, of importance is the mere exposure effect [56]. The mere exposure effect describes that the more often you are exposed to a certain (neutral) thing or application (here a game), the more you like it. This has even been shown for the initials of your name (for an introduction in the initial preference task, e.g., see Sariyska et al. [57]) and seems to be applicable also for many of the gaming”
From Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories (2019) · cites this paper as [56]

Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094 · see citing works
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745 · see citing works
Cognition and motivation in emotion.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.4.352 · Cited by 2,096 · see citing works
Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation.
Eriksen, C. W. (1960) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0041622 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Subliminal Mere Exposure: Specific, General, and Diffuse Effects
Monahan, J. L., Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00289 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Independence of memory functions and emotional behavior: Separate contributions of the hippocampal formation and the amygdala
Zola‐Morgan, S., Squire, L. R., Clower, R. P., & Alvarez‐Royo, P. (1991) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450010208 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure.
Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.589 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Feeling more than we can know: Exposure effects without learning.
Wilson, W. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.811 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure.
Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.589 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neural Response during Preference and Memory Judgments for Subliminally Presented Stimuli: A Functional Neuroimaging Study
Elliott, R. M., & Dolan, R. J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-12-04697.1998 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Flocking of Domestic Chicks
TAYLOR, K. F., & Sluckin, W. (1964) · Nature · doi:10.1038/201108a0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal exposure to auditory or visual stimulation on postnatal distress vocalizations in chicks
Rajecki, D. W. (1974) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(74)90845-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
One-mediator model of exposure effects is still viable.
Birnbaum, M. H., & Mellers, B. A. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.6.1090 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
One-mediator model of exposure effects is still viable.
Birnbaum, M. H., & Mellers, B. A. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.1090 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective
Shu, K., Sliva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017) · ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter · doi:10.1145/3137597.3137600 · Cited by 3,304 · see citing works
Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80036-4 · Cited by 1,430 · see citing works
A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: an Intervention Mapping approach
Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., Peters, G.-J. Y., Mullen, P. D., Parcel, G. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fernández, M. E., Markham, C., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1077155 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news
Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000465 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Facial attractiveness: evolutionary based research
Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., & DeBruine, L. M. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0404 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
From everyday emotions to aesthetic emotions: Towards a unified theory of musical emotions
Juslin, P. N. (2013) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2013.05.008 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Exploring the Psychology of Interest
Silvia, P. J. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158557.001.0001 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Humans Prefer Curved Visual Objects
Bar, M., & Neta, M. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01759.x · Cited by 680 · see citing works
The Bias Against Creativity
Mueller, J., Melwani, S., & Goncalo, J. A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611421018 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Consequences of “Minimal” Group Affiliations in Children
Dunham, Y. C., Baron, A. S., & Carey, S. E. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01577.x · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining PerspectivePreprint
Shu, K., Sliva, A. L., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1708.01967 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections
Epstein, R., & Robertson, R. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1419828112 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders - republished Article
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.005 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Consumer acceptance of cultured meat: A systematic review
Bryant, C. J., & Barnett, J. C. (2018) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.008 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Effect of image interactivity technology on consumer responses toward the online retailer
Fiore, A. M., Kim, J., & Lee, H.-H. (2005) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1002/dir.20042 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
For fun and profit: Hedonic value from image interactivity and responses toward an online store
Fiore, A. M., Jin, H., & Kim, J. (2005) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20079 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support
Trepte, S., Reinecke, L., & Juechems, K. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.12.003 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Biasing simple choices by manipulating relative visual attention
Armel, K. C., Beaumel, A., & Rangel, A. (2008) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500000413 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Choosing your informant: weighing familiarity and recent accuracy
Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00792.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell revisited
Bakker, I., van der Voordt, T., Vink, P., & de Boon, J. (2014) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-014-9219-4 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Why Do People Hurt Themselves? A New Conceptual Model of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Hooley, J., & Franklin, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617745641 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Influences of online store perception, shopping enjoyment, and shopping involvement on consumer patronage behavior towards an online retailer
Kim, J., Fiore, A. M., & Lee, H. (2006) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2006.05.001 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Sponsorship Disclosure: Effects of Duration on Persuasion Knowledge and Brand Responses
Boerman, S., van Reijmersdal, E. V., & Neijens, P. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01677.x · Cited by 436 · see citing works
The development of implicit intergroup cognition
Dunham, Y. C., Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.006 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Help Seeking for Mental Health on College Campuses: Review of Evidence and Next Steps for Research and Practice
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., & Speer, N. (2012) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2012.712839 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories
Montag, C., Lachmann, B., Herrlich, M., & Zweig, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142612 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
“Also, of importance is the mere exposure effect [56].”
Background
Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news: literature review and synthesis
Tsfati, Y., Boomgaarden, H. G., Strömbäck, J., Vliegenthart, R., Damstra, A., & Lindgren, E. (2020) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Contextual influences on eating behaviours: heuristic processing and dietary choices
Cohen, D. A., & Babey, S. H. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01001.x · Cited by 337 · see citing works
An exploration of relations between visual appeal, trustworthiness and perceived usability of homepages
Lindgaard, G., Dudek, C., Sen, D., Sumegi, L., & Noonan, P. (2011) · TCHI · doi:10.1145/1959022.1959023 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
State Authenticity as Fit to Environment: The Implications of Social Identity for Fit, Authenticity, and Self-Segregation
Schmader, T., & Sedikides, C. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734080 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Attitude formation through exploration: Valence asymmetries.
Fázio, R. H., Eiser, J. R., & Shook, N. J. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.293 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
How Words and Money Cultivate a Personal Vote: The Effect of Legislator Credit Claiming on Constituent Credit Allocation
Grimmer, J., Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2012) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055412000457 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The role of the technology acceptance model in explaining effects of image interactivity technology on consumer responses
Lee, H., Fiore, A. M., & Kim, J. (2006) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590550610675949 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
What can The Study of Cognitive Development Reveal about Children's Ability to Appreciate and Cope with Advertising?
Moses, L. J., & Baldwin, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.2005.24.2.186 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Innovation activities during intra-family leadership succession in family firms: An empirical study from a socioemotional wealth perspective
Hauck, J., & Prügl, R. (2015) · Journal of Family Business Strategy · doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.11.002 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
The Motivational Foundation of Learning Languages Other Than Global English: Theoretical Issues and Research Directions
DÖRNYEI, Z., & AL‐HOORIE, A. H. (2017) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12408 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Attitudes toward Mature Brands? New Evidence from the Implicit Association Test
Gibson, B. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/527341 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Looking the Part: Television Leads Less Informed Citizens to Vote Based on Candidates’ Appearance
Lenz, G., & Lawson, C. H. (2011) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00511.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Play it again Sam: Repeated exposure to emotionally evocative music polarises liking and smiling responses, and influences other affective reports, facial EMG, and heart rate
Witvliet, C., & Vrana, S. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930601000672 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Risk taking under the influence: A fuzzy-trace theory of emotion in adolescence
Rivers, S. E., Reyna, V. F., & Mills, B. A. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.11.002 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Dogs on the Street, Pumas on Your Feet: How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice
Berger, J. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.1.1 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Do infants show social preferences for people differing in race?
Kinzler, K. D., & Spelke, E. S. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.019 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Employee Recruitment
Breaugh, J. A. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143757 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Liking and Memory for Musical Stimuli as a Function of Exposure.
Szpunar, K. K., Schellenberg, E. G., & Pliner, P. P. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.2.370 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
A Biosocial-Affect Model of Adolescent Sensation Seeking: The Role of Affect Evaluation and Peer-Group Influence in Adolescent Drug Use
Römer, D., & Hennessy, M. H. (2007) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-007-0064-7 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Attention to Banner Ads and Their Effectiveness: An Eye-Tracking Approach
Lee, J., & Ahn, J.-H. (2012) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415170105 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Warm Glow Heuristic: When Liking Leads to Familiarity.
Monin, B. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1035 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Influence of image interactivity on approach responses towards an online retailer
Fiore, A. M., & Jin, H. (2003) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662240310458369 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Influence
Bailenson, J. N., Iyengar, S., Yee, N., & Collins, N. A. (2008) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfn064 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Effects of Perceived Brand Globalness and Perceived Brand Localness in China: Empirical Evidence on Western, Asian, and Domestic Retailers
Swoboda, B. S., Pennemann, K., & Taube, M. (2012) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.12.0105 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Liking for happy- and sad-sounding music: Effects of exposure
Schellenberg, E. G., Peretz, I., & Vieillard, S. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701350753 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The role of place attachment in tourism research
Dwyer, L., Chen, N. C., & Lee, J. (2019) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2019.1612824 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Implicit Learning and Acquisition of Music
Rohrmeier, M., & Rebuschat, P. (2012) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01223.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Name Recognition and Candidate Support
Kam, C. D., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12034 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Norms of valence and arousal for 14,031 Spanish words
Stadthagen-González, H., Imbault, C., Sánchez, M. Á. P., & Brysbaert, M. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0700-2 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Two Signatures of Implicit Intergroup Attitudes
Dunham, Y. C., Chen, E. E., & Banaji, M. R. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612463081 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Women and Suicidal Behavior
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Selective Attention Determines Emotional Responses to Novel Visual Stimuli
Raymond, J. E., Fenske, M. J., & Tavassoli, N. T. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1462.x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Structural facilitation: Mere exposure effects for grammatical acceptability as evidence for syntactic priming in comprehension
Luka, B. J., & Barsalou, L. W. (2005) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.01.013 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
When do Third-Party Product Reviews Affect Firm Value and what can Firms Do? The Case of Media Critics and Professional Movie Reviews
Chen, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2012) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.09.0034 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Mere Exposure and Racial Prejudice: Exposure to Other-Race Faces Increases Liking for Strangers of that Race
Zebrowitz, L. A., White, B. M., & Wieneke, K. M. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.3.259 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Effects of an awareness program on attitudes of students without an intellectual disability towards persons with an intellectual disability
Rillotta, F., & Nettelbeck, T. (2007) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/13668250701194042 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The role of memory in creative ideation
Benedek, M., Beaty, R. E., Schacter, D. L., & Kenett, Y. N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Effects of television brand placement on brand image
van Reijmersdal, E. A., Neijens, P. C., & Smit, E. G. (2007) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20166 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of the rejection of recycled water: Contamination, purification and disgust
Rozin, P. N., Haddad, B. M., Nemeroff, C. J., & Slovic, P. (2015) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000317x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Ethnic Composition and Friendship Segregation: Differential Effects for Adolescent Natives and Immigrants
Smith, S., McFarland, D. A., van Tubergen, F., & Maas, I. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/684032 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Watch Out! That Could Be Dangerous: Valence-Arousal Interactions in Evaluative Processing
Robinson, M. D., Storbeck, J., Meier, B. P., & Kirkeby, B. S. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204266647 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Changing value through cued approach: an automatic mechanism of behavior change
Schonberg, T., Bakkour, A., Hover, A. M., Mumford, J. A., Nagar, L., Perez, J., & Poldrack, R. A. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3673 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Gustave Caillebotte, French Impressionism, and mere exposure
Cutting, J. E. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196493 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Effects of Source Credibility in the Presence or Absence of Prior Attitudes: Implications for the Design of Persuasive Communication Campaigns
Kumkale, G. T., Albarracín, D., & Seignourel, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00620.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
A Task-Based Taxonomy of Cognitive Biases for Information Visualization
Dimara, E., Franconeri, S., Catherine Plaisant, B., Bezerianos, A., & Dragicevic, P. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2872577 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
For 5-Month-Old Infants, Melodies Are Social
Mehr, S. A., Song, L. A., & Spelke, E. S. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615626691 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Mere exposure and flavour–flavour learning increase 2–3year-old children’s acceptance of a novel vegetable
Hausner, H., Olsen, A., & Møller, P. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.009 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Bias in Favor of the Status Quo
Eidelman, S., & Crandall, C. S. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00427.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Validation of a Fashion Brand Image Scale Capturing Cognitive, Sensory, and Affective Associations: Testing Its Role in an Extended Brand Equity Model
Cho, E., Fiore, A. M., & Russell, D. W. (2014) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20762 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Privacy Concerns in Chatbot Interactions
Ischen, C., Araujo, T., Voorveld, H., van Noort, G., & Smit, E. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39540-7_3 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Enforcement may crowd out voluntary support for COVID-19 policies, especially where trust in government is weak and in a liberal society
Schmelz, K. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2016385118 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
A New Branch of Advertising
van Reijmersdal, E. A., Neijens, P. C., & Smit, E. G. (2009) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/s0021849909091065 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Telepresence and fantasy in online apparel shopping experience
Song, K., Fiore, A. M., & Park, J.-H. (2007) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/13612020710824607 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Pitching Novel Ideas to the Boss: The Interactive Effects of Employees’ Idea Enactment and Influence Tactics on Creativity Assessment and Implementation
Lu, S., Bartol, K. M., Venkataramani, V., Zheng, X., & Liu, X. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.0942 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Experience economy in hospitality and tourism: Gain and loss values for service and experience
Chang, S. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Just Feelings? The Role of Affect in the Formation of Organizational Fairness Judgments
Barsky, A. P., Kaplan, S. A., & Beal, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310376325 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Developmental and Environmental Influences on Young Children's Vegetable Preferences and Consumption
Johnson, S. L. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.008706 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Do Investors Buy What They Know? Product Market Choices and Investment Decisions
Keloharju, M., Knüpfer, S., & Linnainmaa, J. T. (2012) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhs090 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Missing the Mark
Duff, B. R. L., & Faber, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367400204 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Public opinion about automated vehicles in Australia: Results from a large-scale national survey
Cunningham, M. L., Regan, M., Horberry, T., Weeratunga, K., & Dixit, V. V. (2019) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2019.08.002 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Stereotypes, stereotype threat and ageing: implications for the understanding and treatment of people with Alzheimer's disease
SCHOLL, J. M., & Sabat, S. R. (2008) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x07006241 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Affective and Cognitive Online Shopping Experience: Effects of Image Interactivity Technology and Experimenting With Appearance
Lee, H.-H., Kim, J., & Fiore, A. M. (2010) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x09341586 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Anarchy of effects? Exploring attention to online advertising and multiple outcomes
Goodrich, K. (2011) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20371 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Side effects of gender‐fair language: How feminine job titles influence the evaluation of female applicants
Formanowicz, M., Bedyńska, S., Cisłak, A., Braun, F., & Sczesny, S. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1924 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Beverage perception and consumption: The influence of the container on the perception of the contents
Spence, C. J., & Wan, X. I. (2014) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.07.007 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
How Does Music Evoke Emotions?
Juslin, P. N., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D., & Lundqvist, L. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230143.003.0022 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A comprehensive survey on machine learning approaches for fake news detection
Alghamdi, J., Luo, S., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17470-8 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Attractiveness Halo: Why Some Candidates are Perceived More Favorably than Others
Verhulst, B., Lodge, M. G., & Lavine, H. G. (2010) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-009-0084-z · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Repeated Evaluation Technique (RET). A method to capture dynamic effects of innovativeness and attractiveness
Carbon, C., & Leder, H. (2005) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1098 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The influence of website dimensionality on customer experiences, perceptions and behavioral intentions: An exploration of 2D vs. 3D web design
Visinescu, L. L., Sidorova, A., Jones, M. C., & Prybutok, V. R. (2014) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2014.10.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Authors: Zajonc, R. B.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Zajonc, R.B.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: 224-228
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.00154
OpenAlex: W2143046471
Cited by: 1,299
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 5.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: mere exposure effect, subliminal perception, preference formation, classical conditioning, positive affect, emotional attachment, unconscious awareness, prenatal exposure, recognition memory, perceptual fluency

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks