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Cited by 233Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

Integrating Etiological Models of Social Anxiety and Depression in Youth: Evidence for a Cumulative Interpersonal Risk Model

Epkins, Catherine C., Heckler, David R.·2011·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
DOI 10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8
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Abstract

Models of social anxiety and depression in youth have been developed separately, and they contain similar etiological influences. Given the high comorbidity of social anxiety and depression, we examine whether the posited etiological constructs are a correlate of, or a risk factor for, social anxiety and/or depression at the symptom level and the diagnostic level. We find core risk factors of temperament, genetics, and parent psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety) are neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of social anxiety and/or depression. Instead, aspects of children's relationships with parents and/or peers either mediates (i.e., explains) or moderates (i.e., interacts with) these core risks being related to social anxiety and/or depression. We then examine various parent- and peer-related constructs contained in the separate models of social anxiety and depression (i.e., parent-child attachment, parenting, social skill deficits, peer acceptance and rejection, peer victimization, friendships, and loneliness). Throughout our review, we report evidence for a Cumulative Interpersonal Risk model that incorporates both core risk factors and specific interpersonal risk factors. Most studies fail to consider comorbidity, thus little is known about the specificity of these various constructs to depression and/or social anxiety. However, we identify shared, differential, and cumulative risks, correlates, consequences, and protective factors. We then put forth demonstrated pathways for the development of depression, social anxiety, and their comorbidity. Implications for understanding comorbidity are highlighted throughout, as are theoretical and research directions for developing and refining models of social anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity. Prevention and treatment implications are also noted.

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  • Family discord has been linked to adolescent depression etiology, but few prospective studies exist, and links between family conflict and anxiety symptoms are little studied.

    “However, although family discord has been linked with the etiology of adolescent depression (see meta-analysis by Kane & Garber, 2004), few prospective studies have been conducted; relations between family conflict and anxiety symptoms are little explored (Epkins & Heckler, 2011).”

    From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Epkins & Heckler, 2011

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Authors
Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R.
Affiliations
Texas Tech University (US)
Corresponding author
Epkins, Catherine C.
ORCID
Heckler, David R.
Venue
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-11-13
Volume
14
Issue
4
Pages
329-376
ISSN
  • 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2827
DOI
10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8
OpenAlex
W1971328034
Cited by
233
References
339
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI
1.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords
social anxiety, depression, youth, comorbidities, etiology, temperament, parental psychopathology, parent-child attachment, parenting, social skills deficits, peer acceptance, peer rejection, peer victimization, friendship, loneliness, mediation, moderation, protective factors, prevention
MeSH terms
Child, Child Development, Depression, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Parents, Peer Group, Phobic Disorders, Risk Factors, Social Adjustment, Psychological Distance, Comorbidity, Friends

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