Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy modifies skeletal muscle composition and function: a study with monozygotic twin pairs
Open accessAbstract
We investigated whether long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with mobility and lower limb muscle performance and composition in postmenopausal women. Fifteen 54- to 62-yr-old monozygotic female twin pairs discordant for HRT were recruited from the Finnish Twin Cohort. Habitual (HWS) and maximal (MWS) walking speeds over 10 m, thigh muscle composition, lower body muscle power assessed as vertical jumping height, and maximal isometric hand grip and knee extension strengths were measured. Intrapair differences (IPD%) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The mean duration of HRT use was 6.9 ± 4.1 yr. MWS was on average 7% (0.9 to 13.1%, P = 0.019) and muscle power 16% (−0.8 to 32.8%, P = 0.023) greater in HRT users than in their cotwins. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area tended to be larger (IPD% = 6%, 95% CI: −0.07 to 12.1%, P = 0.065), relative muscle area greater (IPD% = 8%, CI: 0.8 to 15.0%, P = 0.047), and relative fat area smaller (IPD% = −5%, CI: −11.3 to 1.2%, P = 0.047) in HRT users than in their sisters. There were no significant differences in maximal isometric strengths or HWS between users and nonusers. Subgroup analyses revealed that estrogen-containing therapies (11 pairs) significantly decreased total body and thigh fat content, whereas tibolone (4 pairs) tended to increase muscle cross-sectional area. This study showed that long-term HRT was associated with better mobility, greater muscle power, and favorable body and muscle composition among 54- to 62-yr-old women. The results indicate that HRT is a potential agent in preventing muscle weakness and mobility limitation in older women.
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The finding of a strong association between body composition and mobility function in older women is consistent with prior cross-sectional studies and with studies showing improved walking performance after weight loss.
“The finding of a strong association between body composition and mobility function in females is consistent with prior cross sectional studies 26, 27, as well as with studies showing improved walking performance after weight loss 28, 29.”
From Does quadriceps neuromuscular activation capability explain walking speed in older men and women? (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
Ronkainen et al. found that HRT is associated with better mobility, greater muscle power, and favorable body and muscle composition in women ages 54-62.
“Ronkainen et al. (76) found that HRT is associated with better mobility, greater muscle power, and favorable body and muscle composition in women ages 54–62 (76).”
From Sex-Based Differences in Skeletal Muscle Kinetics and Fiber-Type Composition (2015) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Ronkainen, P. H. A., Kovanen, V., Alén, M., Pöllänen, E., Palonen, E.-M., Ankarberg-Lindgren, C., Hämäläinen, E., Turpeinen, U., Kujala, U. M., Puolakka, J., Kaprio, J., & Sipilä, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Central Finland Health Care District (FI)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-33
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2114602252
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- urn.fi
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- hormone replacement therapy, postmenopausal women, skeletal muscle composition, muscle power, walking speed, thigh muscle cross-sectional area, fat mass, estrogen, tibolone, muscle weakness, mobility (physical function), monozygotic twin discordance
- MeSH terms
- Estrogens, Female, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Menopause, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Twins, Monozygotic, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Walking, Twin Studies as Topic, Muscle, Skeletal, Hand Strength
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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