Delaying post‐exercise carbohydrate intake impairs next‐day exercise capacity but not muscle glycogen or molecular responses
Open accessAbstract
Aim: To investigate how delayed post‐exercise carbohydrate intake affects muscle glycogen, metabolic‐ and mitochondrial‐related molecular responses, and subsequent high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE) capacity. Methods: In a double‐blind cross‐over design, nine recreationally active men performed HIIE (10 × 2‐min cycling, ~94% W˙peak) in the fed state, on two occasions. During 0–3 h post‐HIIE, participants drank either carbohydrates (“Immediate Carbohydrate” [IC], providing 2.4 g/kg) or water (“Delayed Carbohydrate” [DC]); total carbohydrate intake over 24 h post‐HIIE was matched (~7 g/kg/d). Skeletal muscle (sampled pre‐HIIE, post‐HIIE, +3 h, +8 h, +24 h) was analyzed for whole‐muscle glycogen and mRNA content, plus signaling proteins in cytoplasmic‐ and nuclear‐enriched fractions. After 24 h, participants repeated the HIIE protocol until failure, to test subsequent HIIE capacity; blood lactate, heart rate, and ratings of perceived effort (RPE) were measured throughout. Results: Muscle glycogen concentrations, and relative changes, were similar between conditions throughout (p > 0.05). Muscle glycogen was reduced from baseline (mean ± SD mmol/kg dm; IC: 409 ± 166; DC: 352 ± 76) at post‐HIIE (IC: 253 ± 96; DC: 214 ± 82), +3 h (IC: 276 ± 62; DC: 269 ± 116) and + 8 h (IC: 321 ± 56; DC: 269 ± 116), returning to near‐baseline by +24 h. Several genes (PGC‐1ɑ, p53) and proteins (p‐ACC Ser79, p‐P38 MAPK Thr180/Tyr182) elicited typical exercise‐induced changes irrespective of condition. Delaying carbohydrate intake reduced next‐day HIIE capacity (5 ± 3 intervals) and increased RPE (~2 ratings), despite similar physiological responses between conditions. Conclusion: Molecular responses to HIIE (performed in the fed state) were not enhanced by delayed post‐exercise carbohydrate intake. Our findings support immediate post‐exercise refueling if the goal is to maximize next‐day HIIE capacity and recovery time is ≤24 h.
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Delaying post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion by 2 h may impair exercise performance the following day.
“and may impair exercise performance the following day [14]”
From Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion reports reduced next-day high-intensity exercise capacity after delaying post-exercise carbohydrate intake. It specifies a 3-hour delay, not the 2-hour delay in the attributed claim; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Díaz‐Lara, J., Reisman, E., Botella, J., Probert, B., Burke, L. M., Bishop, D. J., & Lee, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University (AU)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Defence Science and Technology Group (AU)
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Matthew J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-09-12
- Volume
- 240
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e14215-e14215
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-1716
- OpenAlex
- W4402484614
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RUIdeRA - Institutional University Repository (University of Castilla-La Mancha) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Defence Science and Technology Group
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- muscle glycogen, high-intensity interval exercise, exercise capacity, PGC-1α, p53, p38 MAPK, post-exercise recovery, rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate, heart rate, exercise-induced gene expression
- MeSH terms
- High-Intensity Interval Training, Adult, Dietary Carbohydrates, Double-Blind Method, Glycogen, Humans, Male, Exercise, Exercise Tolerance, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
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