Rapid exercise-induced changes in PGC-1α mRNA and protein in human skeletal muscle
Abstract
The mRNA of the nuclear coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) increases during prolonged exercise and is influenced by carbohydrate availability. It is unknown if the increases in mRNA reflect the PGC-1α protein or if glycogen stores are an important regulator. Seven male subjects [23 ± 1.3 yr old, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o 2 max) 48.4 ± 0.8 ml·kg−1·min−1] exercised to exhaustion (∼2 h) at 65% V̇o 2 max followed by ingestion of either a high-carbohydrate (HC) or low-carbohydrate (LC) diet (7 or 2.9 g·kg−1·day−1, respectively) for 52 h of recovery. Glycogen remained depressed in LC ( P < 0.05) while returning to resting levels by 24 h in HC. PGC-1α mRNA increased both at exhaustion (3-fold) and 2 h later (6.2-fold) ( P < 0.05) but returned to rest levels by 24 h. PGC-1α protein increased ( P < 0.05) 23% at exhaustion and remained elevated for at least 24 h ( P < 0.05). While there was no direct treatment effect (HC vs. LC) for PGC-1α mRNA or protein, there was a linear relationship between the changes in glycogen and those in PGC-1α protein during exercise and recovery ( r = −0.68, P < 0.05). In contrast, PGC-1β did not increase with exercise but rather decreased ( P < 0.05) below rest level at 24 and 52 h, and the decrease was greater ( P < 0.05) in LC. PGC-1α protein content increased in prolonged exercise and remained upregulated for 24 h, but this could not have been predicted by the changes in mRNA. The β-isoform declined rather than increasing, and this was greater when glycogen was not resynthesized to rest levels.
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A single bout of endurance exercise induces a rapid and sustained increase in PGC-1α gene and protein in skeletal muscle.
“A single bout of endurance exercise induces a rapid and sustained increase in PGC-1α gene and protein in skeletal muscle (Mathai et al., 2008), whereas muscle-specific overexpression of PGC-1α results in a large increase in functional mitochondria (Lin et al., 2002).”
From Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? (2017) · cites this paper as Mathai et al., 2008
Other studies could not confirm this and found no differences between a high- and a low-carbohydrate intake during recovery.
“Other studies, however, could not confirm this and found no differences between a high- and a low-carbohydrate intake during recovery [58–60].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Mathai, A. S., Bonen, A., Benton, C. R., Robinson, D. L., & Graham, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1098-1105
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2140292209
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 35.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- PGC-1α, PGC-1β, skeletal muscle, prolonged exercise, exercise-induced gene expression, glycogen resynthesis, carbohydrate availability, low-carbohydrate diet, mRNA-protein correlation, post-exercise recovery
- MeSH terms
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, Adult, Blood Glucose, Carrier Proteins, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Glycogen, Heat-Shock Proteins, Humans, Insulin, Male, Muscle Contraction, RNA, Messenger, Time Factors, Transcription Factors, Exercise, RNA-Binding Proteins, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Recovery of Function, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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