Sebum lipids influence macrophage polarization and activation
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BACKGROUND: As lipids are known to regulate macrophage functions, it is reasonable to suppose that a sebocyte-macrophage axis mediated by sebum lipids may exist. OBJECTIVES: To investigate if sebocytes could contribute to the differentiation, polarization and function of macrophages with their secreted lipids. METHODS: Oil Red O lipid staining and Raman spectroscopy were used to assess the dermal lipid content and penetration. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyse the macrophage subsets. Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated in the presence of either supernatant from human SZ95 sebocytes or major sebum lipid components and activated with Propionibacterium acnes. Macrophage surface markers and their capacity to uptake fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated P. acnes were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting measurements. Cytokine protein levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Sebaceous gland-rich skin had an increased dermal lipid content vs. sebaceous gland-poor skin to which all the tested sebum component lipids could contribute by penetrating the dermoepidermal barrier. Of the lipids, oleic acid and linoleic acid promoted monocyte differentiation into alternatively activated macrophages. Moreover, linoleic acid also had an anti-inflammatory effect in P. acnes-activated macrophages, inhibiting the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Squalene, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid augmented the secretion of IL-1β, even in the absence of P. acnes, whereas oleic acid had a selective effect of inducing IL-1β but downregulating IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a role for sebaceous glands in modulating innate immune responses via their secreted lipids that are of possible pathological and therapeutic relevance.
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Linoleic and oleic acid enhanced the ability of macrophages to phagocytose different particles as well as P. acnes bacteria.
“Furthermore, these lipids also enhanced the ability of macrophages to phagocytose different particles as well as P. acnes bacteria.23”
From Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
The section “Sebocyte-derived lipids contribute to the potential of macrophages to uptake P. acnes” (page unavailable) reports that linoleic and oleic acids increased macrophage uptake of P. acnes. It does not report uptake of different particles; the Phagocytosis assay section (page unavailable) likewise describes only P. acnes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLipid staining with Oil Red confirmed prominent differences in the lipid content of sebaceous gland-rich versus sebaceous gland-poor skin samples.
“Moreover, lipid staining with Oil Red further confirmed prominent differences in the lipid content of sebaceous gland-rich vs sebaceous gland-poor skin samples.23”
From Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Fatty acids exhibited a differential effect on the inflammatory response of P. acnes-activated macrophages.
“Importantly, fatty acids exhibited a differential effect on the inflammatory response of P. acnes-activated macrophages.23”
From Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
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Explore the Anti-Acne Mechanism of Licorice Flavonoids Based on Metabonomics and Microbiome
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The oil from Moringa oleifera seeds accelerates chronic skin wound healing
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NEUROIMMUNOENDOCRINE REGULATION OF THE SKIN FUNCTIONING
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Lipidomics reveals the role of glycoceramide and phosphatidylethanolamine in infantile acne
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Self-citationSebaceous gland organoid engineering
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The color of skin: yellow diseases of the skin, nails, and mucosa
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Linoleic acid improves rosacea through repairing mitochondrial damage in keratinocytes
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- Authors
- Lovászi, M., Mattii, M., Eyerich, K., Gácsi, A., Csányi, E., Kovács, D., Rühl, R., Szegedi, A., Kemény, L., Ståhle, M., Zouboulis, C. C., Eyerich, S., & Törőcsik, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- University of Szeged (HU)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Törőcsik, D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Dermatology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-11-28
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1671-1682
- ISSN
- 0007-0963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2683693205
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SZTE Publicatio Repozitórium (University of Szeged) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Hungarian National Research Fund (OTKA NN117020)
- FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions
- Emberi Eroforrások Minisztériuma (GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00050)
- European Union
- European Regional Development Fund
- Fondation Acteria
- Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- sebum lipids, sebocytes, macrophage polarization, macrophage activation, oleic acid, linoleic acid, Propionibacterium acnes, M2 macrophages, sebaceous glands, innate immunity, IL-1β, interleukin-6, TNF-α
- MeSH terms
- Cell Differentiation, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Lipids, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Propionibacterium acnes, Sebaceous Glands, Sebum, Cytokines, Cell Polarity, Lipid Metabolism
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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