I. The Development of Executive Function
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In the standard Dimensional Change Card Sort for children, most 3-year-olds perseverate during the post-switch phase, whereas most 5-year-olds switch flexibly.
“Most 3-year-olds perseverate during the post-switch phase, continuing to sort test cards by the first dimension, whereas most 5-year-olds switch flexibly (e.g., Dick, Overton, & Kovacs, 2005; Kirkham, Cruess, & Diamond, 2003; Zelazo, Müller, Frye, & Marcovitch, 2003).”
From NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Validation of Executive Function Measures in Adults (2014) · cites this paper as Zelazo, Müller, Frye, & Marcovitch, 2003
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Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268 · see citing works
Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x · Cited by 3,140 · see citing works
A Developmental Perspective on Executive Function
Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x · Cited by 2,692 · see citing works
Developmentally Sensitive Measures of Executive Function in Preschool Children
Carlson, S. M. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_3 · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.007 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates.
Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
II. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): MEASURING EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND ATTENTION
Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner-Allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., & Weintraub, S. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12032 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive Function in Typical and Atypical Development
Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2010) · The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development · doi:10.1002/9781444325485.ch22 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Self-citationBierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000394 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Hongwanishkul, D., Happaney, K. R., Lee, W. S. C., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_4 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citationMezzacappa, E. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00746.x · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Stress and the development of self-regulation in context
Blair, C. (2010) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00145.x · Cited by 379 · see citing works
NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Validation of Executive Function Measures in Adults
Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner-Allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., Conway, K. P., Gershon, R., & Weintraub, S. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000472 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationSeparating cognitive capacity from knowledge: a new hypothesis
Halford, G. S., Cowan, N., & Andrews, G. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.04.001 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
The development of executive functions and early mathematics: A dynamic relationship
Van der Ven, S. H. G., Kroesbergen, E. H., Boom, J., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2012) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02035.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., Lanza, S. T., & Blair, C. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.004 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers
Anderson, P. J., & Reidy, N. (2012) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9220-3 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Executive functions as predictors of math learning disabilities
Toll, S. W. M., Van der Ven, S. H. G., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410387302 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
(2020) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00020-4 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Marcovitch, S., Leigh, J., Calkins, S. D., Leerks, E. M., O'Brien, M., & Blankson, A. N. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20462 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Ven, S. H. G., Kroesbergen, E. H., Boom, J., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2013) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2012.02079.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Dick, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.021 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zelazo, P. D., Muller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S.
- ORCID
- Zelazo, Philip David
- Venue
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 0037-976X (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5834
- OpenAlex
- W2730534923
- Cited by
- 655
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 25.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive development, child development
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