Relations Between Physiological and Cognitive Regulatory Systems: Infant Sleep Regulation and Subsequent Executive Functioning

Bernier, Annie; Carlson, Stephanie M; Bordeleau, Stéphanie; Carrier, Julie

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x

Cited by 226Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and related disordersDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Relations Between Physiological and Cognitive Regulatory Systems: Infant Sleep Regulation and Subsequent Executive Functioning

Bernier, Annie, Carlson, Stephanie M, Bordeleau, Stéphanie, Carrier, Julie·2010·Child Development

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x

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Abstract

The aim of this report was to investigate the prospective links between infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning (EF). The authors assessed sleep regulation through a parent sleep diary when children were 12 and 18 months old (N = 60). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months of age. Higher proportions of total sleep occurring at night time, at both 12 and 18 months, were related to better performance on executive tasks, especially those involving a strong impulse control component. Most relations held above family socioeconomic status, prior mental development and concurrent verbal ability. These findings add to previous results with school-age children in suggesting that sleep favors the development of higher order cognitive functions requiring prefrontal cortex involvement.

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Higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 18 months were associated with concurrent working memory scores at 18 months and with impulse control at 26 months.
“higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 18 months were associated with concurrent working memory scores at 18 months as well as with impulse control at 26 months (Bernier et al. 2010).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Bernier et al. 2010
Greater proportions of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 12 months was associated with better performance on tasks of impulse control and conflict-executive functioning at 26 months.
“For example, in a study of infants and toddlers, greater proportions of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 12 months was associated with better performance on tasks of impulse control and conflict-executive functioning (a factor score comprised of working memory, set shifting, and inhibitory control) at 26 months; higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Bernier et al. 2010

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Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns
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The relation between television exposure and executive function among preschoolers.
Nathanson, A. I., Aladé, F., Sharp, M. L., Rasmussen, E. E., & Christy, K. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035714 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Executive Function in Preschool Children: Test–Retest Reliability
Beck, D. M., Schaefer, C., Pang, K., & Carlson, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.563485 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“For example, children’s performance on conflict EF, but not delay EF, is significantly related to parenting quality (Bernier et al., 2010), to children’s theory of mind performance (Carlson & Moses; Carlson, Moses, & Breton, 2002), and to effective teaching (Davis-Unger & Carlson).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Socioeconomic status and functional brain development – associations in early infancy
Tomalski, P., Moore, D. G., Ribeiro, H., Axelsson, E. L., Murphy, E., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Johnson, M. H., & Kushnerenko, E. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12079 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Behavioral sleep problems and their potential impact on developing executive function in children
Turnbull, K., Reid, G. J., & Morton, J. B. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.2814 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Sleep and Cognition in Preschool Years: Specific Links to Executive Functioning
Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., Bouvette–Turcot, A., Carlson, S. M., & Carrier, J. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12063 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citation
Infant sleep and its relation with cognition and growth: a narrative review
Tham, E. K. H., Schneider, N., & Broekman, B. F. P. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s125992 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“One of the studies showed that higher percentages of parent-reported night sleep (out of total sleep duration) at 12 and 18 months of age were significantly associated with better executive functioning performance at 26 months of age, especially performance related to impulse-control tasks.(38) The benefits of higher…”
Behavioral parent training to address sleep disturbances in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot trial
Johnson, C. R., Turner, K. S., Foldes, E., Brooks, M. M., Kronk, R. A., & Wiggs, L. D. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.05.013 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“, memory consolidation, learning acquisition, attention, executive functioning, brain maturation) [18,19,22–26] as well as daytime behavioral adjustment and temperament regulation [26–28].”
Associations Between Sleep-Wake Consolidation and Language Development in Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Twin Study
Dionne, G., Touchette, E., Forget-Dubois, N., Petit, D., Tremblay, R. E., Montplaisir, J. Y., & Boivin, M. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1148 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Evidence for a relation between executive function and pretense representation in preschool children
Carlson, S. M., White, R. E., & Davis-Unger, A. C. (2014) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.09.001 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep and Social-Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers
Mindell, J. A., Leichman, E. S., DuMond, C., & Sadeh, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1188701 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Evolutionary functions of early social modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis development in humans
Flinn, M. V., Nepomnaschy, P. A., Muehlenbein, M. P., & Ponzi, D. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.01.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Validating Actigraphy as a Measure of Sleep for Preschool Children
Bélanger, M., Bernier, A., Paquet, J., Simard, V., & Carrier, J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.2844 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring the development of inhibitory control: The challenge of heterotypic continuity
Petersen, I. T., Hoyniak, C. P., McQuillan, M. E., Bates, J. E., & Staples, A. D. (2016) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.02.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Infant Sleep Predicts Attention Regulation and Behavior Problems at 3–4 Years of Age
Sadeh, A., Marcas, G. D., Guri, Y., Berger, A., Tikotzky, L., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2015) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2014.973498 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Considered together with other studies demonstrating links between sleep and cognitive and behavior regulation in the first years of life (Bernier et al., 2010; Dearing et al., 2001; Dionne et al., 2011; Holditch-Davis et al., 2005; Sheridan et al., 2013; Touchette et al., 2009; Weisman et al., 2011), it could be argu…”
BackgroundInfluential
Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory
Thomas, A. G., Monahan, K. C., Lukowski, A. F., & Cauffman, E. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0179-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“working memory, set shifting, and inhibitory control) at 26 months; higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 18 months were associated with concurrent working memory scores at 18 months as well as with impulse control at 26 months (Bernier et al. 2010).”
Background
Sleep as a Support for Social Competence, Peer Relations, and Cognitive Functioning in Preschool Children
Vaughn, B., Elmore-Staton, L., Shin, N., & El-Sheikh, M. (2015) · Behavioural Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2013.845778 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Longitudinal associations between the quality of parent−child interactions and children's sleep at preschool age.
Bordeleau, S., Bernier, A., & Carrier, J. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027366 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of language ability and self-regulation in the development of inattentive–hyperactive behavior problems
Petersen, I. T., Bates, J. E., & Staples, A. D. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000698 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sleep and self-control: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Guarana, C. L. O., Ryu, J. W., O’Boyle, E. H., Lee, J., & Barnes, C. M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101514 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Bidirectional associations between bedtime parenting and infant sleep: Parenting quality, parenting practices, and their interaction.
Philbrook, L. E., & Teti, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000198 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Early childhood profiles of sleep problems and self‐regulation predict later school adjustment
Williams, K. E., Nicholson, J. M., Walker, S., & Berthelsen, D. C. (2016) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12109 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Shorter sleep duration is associated with reduced cognitive development at two years of age
Smithson, L., Baird, T., Tamana, S. K., Lau, A., Mariasine, J., Chikuma, J., Lefebvre, D. L., Subbarao, P., Becker, A. B., Turvey, S. E., et al. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.04.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“However, children with higher proportions of total sleep occurring at nighttime performed better on executive tasks [5,38].”
Background
Sleep Onset Problems and Subcortical Development in Infants Later Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder
MacDuffie, K. E., Shen, M. D., Dager, S. R., Styner, M. A., Kim, S. H., Paterson, S., Pandey, J., John, T. S., Elison, J. T., Wolff, J. J., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060666 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Critical brain maturation processes are thought to occur during sleep in early development (2, 3)—for example, development of the visual cortex relies on both sensory stimulation duringwakefulness and endogenous stimulation during sleep, which together guide neuronal differentiation and developmentally regulated synap…”
Background
Toddler's self‐regulation strategies in a challenge context are nap‐dependent
Miller, A. L., Seifer, R., Crossin, R., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12260 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Little is known about how poor sleep may affect the development of self-regulation over time (Bernier et al., 2010).”
Background
Sleep-Wake Disturbances and Fatigue after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Gagner, C., Landry-Roy, C., Lainé, F., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3753 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Preschoolers' Executive Function: Importance, Contributors, Research Needs and Assessment Options
Ackerman, D. J., & Friedman‐Krauss, A. H. (2017) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12148 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Association of physical activity and fitness with executive function among preschoolers
Luo, X., Herold, F., Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Kamijo, K., Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C. H., Alderman, B. L., Müller, N. G., Kramer, A. F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100400 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mothers, fathers, and toddlers: Parental psychosocial functioning as a context for young children’s sleep.
Bernier, A., Bélanger, M., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030024 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep electroencephalography and brain maturation: developmental trajectories and the relation with cognitive functioning
Gorgoni, M., D’Atri, A., Scarpelli, S., Reda, F., & Gennaro, L. D. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.025 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Television Exposure, Sleep Time, and Neuropsychological Function Among Preschoolers
Nathanson, A. I., & Fries, P. T. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.915197 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Bernier et al. (2010) found that toddlers with greater nighttime sleep consolidation performed better on impulse control tasks but that the relations between sleep and other aspects of EF were weaker.”
Background
Association between the faecal short-chain fatty acid propionate and infant sleep
Heath, A. M., Haszard, J. J., Galland, B. C., Lawley, B., Rehrer, N. J., Drummond, L., Sims, I. M., Taylor, R. W., Otal, A., Taylor, B. J., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0556-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Infant nocturnal wakefulness: a longitudinal study comparing three sleep assessment methods
Tikotzky, L., & Volkovich, E. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy191 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Assessment of infant sleep: how well do multiple methods compare?
Camerota, M., Tully, K. P., Grimes, M., Gueron‐Sela, N., & Propper, C. B. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy146 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Snoring and cognitive development in infancy
Piteo, A. M., Kennedy, J. D., Roberts, R., Martin, A., Nettelbeck, T. J., Kohler, M. J., & Lushington, K. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.03.023 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Infant motor and cognitive abilities and subsequent executive function
Wu, M., Liang, X., Lu, S., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.09.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
What Is “Normal” Infant Sleep? Why We Still Do Not Know
Barry, E. S. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120909447 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“For a discussion decrying the lack of consensus on what “sleep quality” means for infants and the need for a new understanding of infant sleep, see Bernier et al. (2010).”
Background
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors predicting infant sleep: Moving beyond main effects
Camerota, M., Propper, C. B., & Teti, D. M. (2019) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.100871 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mother–infant circadian rhythm: Development of individual patterns and dyadic synchrony
Thomas, K. A., Burr, R. L., Spieker, S., Lee, J., & Chen, J. (2014) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.09.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Community-Based Study of Sleep and Cognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers
Sun, W., Li, S. X., Jiang, Y., Xu, X., Spruyt, K., Zhu, Q., Tseng, C., & Jiang, F. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7164 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“53 Another speculation of the insignificant association observed between sleep duration and cognitive performance might be because most of the young children in the current sample obtained the recommended amount of sleep.”
Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry
Archer, T., & Blum, K. (2012) · Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7412.1000115 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Damage within this circuitry often is accompanied by a wide range of expressions of impulsiveness and risky behaviours [172-174].”
Background
Why care about sleep of infants and their parents?
Sadeh, A., Mindell, J. A. A., & Owens, J. A. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Behavioral Interventions to Address Sleep Disturbances in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Turner, K. S., & Johnson, C. R. (2012) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121412446204 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Reference values and changes in infant sleep–wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life: a systematic review
Dias, C. C., Figueiredo, B., Rocha, M., & Field, T. M. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12654 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Relations Between Sleep, Personality, Behavioral Problems, and School Performance in Adolescents
Schmidt, R. E., & der Linden, M. V. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.02.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Exploring Socioeconomic Differences in Bedtime Behaviours and Sleep Duration in English Preschool Children
Jones, C. H. D., & Ball, H. L. (2014) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1848 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sleeping like a baby: Examining relations between habitual infant sleep, recall memory, and generalization across cues at 10 months
Lukowski, A. F., & Milojevich, H. M. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.02.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences, parenting, and child executive function
Treat, A. E., Morris, A. S., Williamson, A., Hays-Grudo, J., & Laurin, D. (2017) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1353978 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“One reason for the lack of research on EF in very young children is a lack of developmentally appropriate measures available to assess EF skills in children younger than four (Bernier et al., 2010; Blair et al., 2005; Carlson, 2005; Willoughby, Blair, Wirth, & Greenberg, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The future is now: early life events preset adult behaviour
Patchev, A. V., Rodrigues, A. J., Sousa, N., Spengler, D., & Almeida, O. F. X. (2013) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12140 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…of developing anxiety and major depression in adulthood (Heim & Binder 2012), and parent–infant relationships are reflected in executive functioning (Bernier et al. 2010, Hedges & Woon 2011); similarly, early life adversity is associated with significant cognitive and emotional impairments in mice…”
Background
Spotlight on daytime napping during early childhood
Horváth, K., & Plunkett, K. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s126252 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“infants who sleep more during the night compared with the day have larger expressive vocabulary at 26 months.(21) Dionne et al found a similar relationship, measuring sleep at 6 and 18 months of age and vocabulary at 18, 30, and 60 months.”
Background
Frequent daytime naps predict vocabulary growth in early childhood
Horváth, K., & Plunkett, K. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12583 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Not all babies are in the same boat: Exploring the effects of socioeconomic status, parental attitudes, and activities during the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic on early Executive Functions
Hendry, A. J., Gibson, S. P., Davies, C. E., Gliga, T., McGillion, M. L., & Gonzalez‐Gomez, N. (2022) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12460 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…high touchscreen use is associated with poor sleep quality in infancy (Cheung et al., 2017)— a likely important factor in the development of EF (Bernier et al., 2010, 2013)— as well as with poorer cognitive flexibility and parent- reported effortful control at age 3.5 years (Portugal et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Executive Functions and Their Relation to Sleep Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Preschoolers
Landry-Roy, C., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617718000401 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early life circadian rhythm disruption in mice alters brain and behavior in adulthood
Ameen, R. W., Warshawski, A., Fu, L., & Antle, M. C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11335-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Preschool Sleep Problems and Differential Associations With Specific Aspects of Executive Control in Early Elementary School
Nelson, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Kidwell, K. M., James, T. D., & Espy, K. A. (2015) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2015.1020946 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Bernier and colleagues found that sleep at age 1 was associated with EC performance at ages 18 months, 2 years, and 4 years (Bernier et al., 2010, 2013).”
Background
Association between breastfeeding and sleep patterns in infants and preschool children
Jafar, N. K. A., Tham, E. K. H., Pang, W. W., Fok, D., Chua, M. C., Teoh, O.-H., Goh, D. Y. T., Shek, L. P., Yap, F. K. P., Tan, K. H., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab297 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Infant wake after sleep onset serves as a marker for different trajectories in cognitive development
Pisch, M., Wiesemann, F., & Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12948 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…infants measure sleep early on in development and correlated it with mental development later in life, but do not investigate the relation between sleep and cognitive trajectories (Bernier et al., 2010; Gertner et al., 2002), leading to potential non-linear cognitive trajectories being unexplored.”
Background
The Architecture of Early Childhood Sleep Over the First Two Years
Lenehan, S. M., Fogarty, L., O’Connor, C., Mathieson, S., & Boylan, G. B. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-022-03545-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Trajectories of reported sleep duration associate with early childhood cognitive development
Cai, S., Tham, E. K. H., Xu, H.-Y., Fu, X.-J., Goh, R., Gluckman, P., Chong, Y., Yap, F., Shek, L., Teoh, O., et al. (2022) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac264 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Although few studies investigated night, day or total sleep trajectories during early childhood, several groups studied the proportion of total sleep happening at night during early childhood and have linked greater proportion of night sleep to better executive function [13, 14] and language skills [3, 14, 16].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Parental socioeconomic status and childhood sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cameron, E. E., Watts, D., Silang, K., Dhillon, A. K., Sohal, P. R., MacKinnon, A., Roos, L. E., & Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M. (2022) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2022.100047 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Associations Between Sleep and Externalizing and Internalizing Problems in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Dimakos, J., Gauthier-Gagné, G., Lin, L., Scholes, S., & Gruber, R. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.08.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Investigating the Convergence between Actigraphy, Maternal Sleep Diaries, and the Child Behavior Checklist as Measures of Sleep in Toddlers
Bélanger, M., Simard, V., Bernier, A., & Carrier, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00158 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Maternal Sensitivity and Children's Behavior Problems: Examining the Moderating Role of Infant Sleep Duration
Bordeleau, S., Bernier, A., & Carrier, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.686101 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive functions in preschool children with chronic insomnia
Bruni, O., Melegari, M. G., Esposito, A., Sette, S., Angriman, M., Apicella, M., Caravale, B., & Ferri, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8172 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“It is surprising, in consideration of the high prevalence of sleep disturbances among preschool-age children (approximately 30%) and their clearly negative effects on EFs, that very few studies have been carried out in healthy young and preschool-age children and limited only to children without sleep problems.(11,22,…”
Background
Short persistent sleep duration is associated with poor receptive vocabulary performance in middle childhood
Seegers, V., Touchette, É., Dionne, G., Petit, D., Séguin, J. R., Montplaisir, J. Y., Vitaro, F., Falissard, B., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12375 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Short sleep duration may impede brain maturation and memory consolidation (Pilcher and Huffcutt, 1996), which are required in early language learning (Bernier et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
A different rhythm of life: sleep patterns in the first 4 years of life and associated sociodemographic characteristics in a large Brazilian birth cohort
Netsi, E., Santos, I. S., Stein, A. L., Barros, F. C., Barros, A. J. D., & Matijasevich, A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.06.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Better sleep consolidation and sleep duration are associated with higher language achievement [7], cognition function (executive function, school performance, and multiple domain cognitive functioning), better future performance on executive function tasks [8], fewer current internalizing, and externalizing symptoms […”
Background
Mindful Family Routines and the Cultivation of Executive Function Skills in Childhood
Semenov, A. D., & Zelazo, P. D. (2019) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000503822 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Sleep and diet are both important factors for the development of EF (Bernier et al., 2010).”
Background
The impact of extreme summer temperatures in the United Kingdom on infant sleep: Implications for learning and development
Berger, S. E., Ordway, M. R., Schoneveld, E., Lucchini, M., Thakur, S., Anders, T. F., Natale, L., & Barnett, N. R. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37111-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Incorporating early development into the measurement of executive function: The need for a continuum of measures across development.
Carlson, S. M., Faja, S., & Beck, D. M. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14797-003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Infant functional regulatory problems and gender moderate bidirectional effects between externalizing behavior and maternal depressive symptoms
Choe, D. E., Sameroff, A. J., & McDonough, S. C. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.02.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This process is more pronounced when infants have sleep problems associated with mothers’ sleep difficulties, negative mood, and elevated stress (Bernier et al., 2010).”
Background
Early nighttime parental interventions and infant sleep regulation across the first year
Voltaire, S. T., & Teti, D. M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.07.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Associations of sleep characteristics with cognitive and gross motor development in toddlers
Zhang, Z., Okely, A. D., Pereira, J. R., Sousa‐Sá, E., Veldman, S. L. C., & Santos, R. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.04.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The relationship between prior night's sleep and measures of infant imitation
Konrad, C., Herbert, J. S., Schneider, S., & Seehagen, S. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21387 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, sleep duration can be regarded 49 as a marker of maturation as with increasing age infants spend less time asleep and more of 50 their sleep time occurs at night relative to the day (Bernier et al., 2010; Gibson et al., 2012; 51 5 Scher, 2005).”
Background
Sleep development in preschool predicts executive functioning in early elementary school
Bernier, A., Cimon‐Paquet, C., & Tétreault, É. (2020) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep and Attachment in Preterm Infants
Schwichtenberg, A. J., Shah, P., & Poehlmann, J. (2013) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21374 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sleep patterns of young children with newly diagnosed atopic dermatitis
Doğan, D. G., Canaloğlu, S. K., Kıvılcım, M., Kum, Y. E., Topal, E., & Çatal, F. (2017) · Advances in Dermatology and Allergology · doi:10.5114/ada.2017.67080 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Researcher Choices for Infant Sleep Assessment: Parent Report, Actigraphy, and a Novel Video System
Horger, M. N., Marsiliani, R., DeMasi, A., Allia, A. M., & Berger, S. E. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.1905600 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Investigating longitudinal associations between parent reported sleep in early childhood and teacher reported executive functioning in school-aged children with autism
Tesfaye, R., Wright, N., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Bedford, R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Kerns, C. M., Duku, E., Mirenda, P., Bennett, T. A., Georgiades, S., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab122 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Concordance between subjective and objective measures of infant sleep varies by age and maternal mood: Implications for studies of sleep and cognitive development
Gossé, L. K., Wiesemann, F., Elwell, C. E., & Jones, E. J. H. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101663 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The association of infant crying, feeding, and sleeping problems and inhibitory control with attention regulation at school age
Baumann, N., Jaekel, J., Breeman, L. D., Bartmann, P., Bäuml, J., Avram, M., Sorg, C., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12305 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These results concur with previous findings linking both early crying, feeding and sleeping problems (Bernier et al., 2010; Hemmi et al., 2011; Sadeh et al., 2015; Schmid & Wolke, 2014; Sivertsen et al., 2015; Williams & Sciberras, 2016) and inhibitory control (Campbell & von Stauffenberg, 2009;…”
Result
The relation between sleep and neurocognitive development in infancy and early childhood: A neuroscience perspective
Basile, C., Gigliotti, F., Cesario, S., & Bruni, O. (2021) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.11.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Infant sleep and development: Concurrent and longitudinal relations during the first 8 months of life
Pecora, G., Focaroli, V., Paoletti, M., Barca, L., Chiarotti, F., Borghi, A. M., Gasparini, C., Caravale, B., Bombaci, I., Gastaldi, S., et al. (2022) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101719 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Universality and context-specificity in early executive function development
Miller, S. E., Galvagno, L. G. G., & Elgier, Á. M. (2023) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101841 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Associations between sleep duration, adiposity indicators, and cognitive development in young children
Zhang, Z., Adamo, K. B., Ogden, N., Goldfield, G. S., Okely, A. D., Kuzik, N., Crozier, M., Hunter, S., Predy, M., & Carson, V. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.037 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Parentally reported barriers to seeking help and advice for child sleep from healthcare professionals
Cook, G., Appleton, J. V., & Wiggs, L. D. (2020) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12739 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Examining the Interface of Children’s Sleep, Executive Functioning, and Caregiving Relationships
Bernier, A., Matte‐Gagné, C., & Bouvette–Turcot, A. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414534852 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep and psychiatric symptoms in young child psychiatric outpatients
Huhdanpää, H., Klenberg, L., Westerinen, H., Fontell, T., & Aronen, E. T. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517718366 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Development of executive control may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of sleep loss, as executive control development has a prolonged course of maturation during the preschool years (Bernier et al., 2010; Turnbull et al., 2013).”
Background
Factors contributing to parent–child interaction quality following mild traumatic brain injury in early childhood
Lalonde, G., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12179 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation in the Association Between Poverty and Child Weight: A Systematic Review
Hails, K. A., Zhou, Y., & Shaw, D. S. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Brain and Early Experience Study: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study
Mills-Koonce, R., Willoughby, M. T., Short, S. J., & Propper, C. B. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34854 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Bernier et al [32] report that sleep in the first year of life predicts improved EF at 26 months; however, it was not related to other cognitive outcomes such as verbal ability or broader cognitive functioning, suggesting that sleep may be particularly important for EF.”
Background
Early polysomnographic characteristics associated with neurocognitive development at 36 months of age
Franco, P., Guyon, A., Stagnara, C., Flori, S., Bat‐Pitault, F., Lin, J., Patural, H., & Plancoulaine, S. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.11.026 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does the maturation of early sleep patterns predict language ability at school entry? A Born in Bradford study
KNOWLAND, V. C. P., Berens, S. C., GASKELL, M. G., WALKER, S. A., & HENDERSON, L.-M. (2021) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000920000677 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“We hypothesised (in line with Dionne et al., 2011 and Bernier et al., 2010) that the rate at which sleep shifts from polyphasic to monophasic over 6-to-36 months would positively predict receptive vocabulary at school entry in children participating in the Born in Bradford study.”
Result
Closed-Loop Cognitive Stress Regulation Using Fuzzy Control in Wearable-Machine Interface Architectures
Azgomi, H. F., Cajigas, I., & Faghih, R. T. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099027 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Although scientists and engineers have performed research in the ﬁeld of emotion regulation [49]–[51], [79]–[81], the present work is one of the ﬁrst to present a simulation environment for designing closed-loop control algorithms based on the inferred arousal state.”
Background
Night awakening in infancy: Developmental stability and longitudinal associations with psychomotor development.
Mäkelä, T. E., Peltola, M. J., Nieminen, P., Paavonen, E. J., Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, O., Paunio, T., & Kylliäinen, A. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000503 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Early adversity and children's regulatory deficits: Does postadoption parenting facilitate recovery in postinstitutionalized children?
Koss, K. J., Lawler, J. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001226 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Relation between nighttime sleep duration and executive functioning in a nonclinical sample of preschool children.
Nieto, M., Motos, B., Navarro, B., Jimeno, M. V., Fernández-Aguilar, L., Ros, L., Ricarte, J., & Latorre, J. M. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12801 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The association between infant sleep, cognitive, and psychomotor development: a systematic review
Butler, B., Burdayron, R., Goder, G. M., Lewis, C., Vendette, M., Khoury, B., & Pennestri, M. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae174 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“A similar pattern was observed for total sleep duration over 24 hours, where 6 [56, 63, 64, 67, 68, 73] out of 7 studies failed to find a SA with developmental outcomes, and 1 [57] found MRs. Daytime sleep duration exhibited a more variable pattern, with six [59, 62, 66, 67, 70, 79] studies…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Toddler naps in child care: associations with demographics and developmental outcomes
Burnham, M. M., GAYLOR, E. E., & Wei, X. (2016) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.12.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Night Awakening and Its Association With Executive Functioning Across the First Two Years of Life
Mäkelä, T. E., Peltola, M. J., Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, O., Himanen, S., Paunio, T., Paavonen, E. J., & Kylliäinen, A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13326 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In addition, Sadeh et al. (2015) measured night awakenings with actigraphy whereas Bernier et al. (2010) measured night awakenings with sleep diaries that were filled by mothers.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential

Sleep and Cognition in Preschool Years: Specific Links to Executive Functioning
Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., Bouvette–Turcot, A., Carlson, S. M., & Carrier, J. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12063 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep development in preschool predicts executive functioning in early elementary school
Bernier, A., Cimon‐Paquet, C., & Tétreault, É. (2020) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep during infancy, inhibitory control and working memory in toddlers: findings from the FinnBrain cohort study
Morales‐Muñoz, I., Nolvi, S., Mäkelä, T. E., Eskola, E., Korja, R., Fernandes, M., Karlsson, H., Paavonen, E. J., & Karlsson, L. (2021) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-021-00064-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sleep disturbances moderate the association between effortful control and executive functioning in early childhood.
Philbrook, L. E., Becker, L. E., & Linde, J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105421 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Examining the Interface of Children’s Sleep, Executive Functioning, and Caregiving Relationships
Bernier, A., Matte‐Gagné, C., & Bouvette–Turcot, A. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414534852 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J.
Affiliations: Université de Montréal (CA)
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Bernier, Annie
ORCID: Bernier, Annie
Carlson, Stephanie M
Carrier, Julie
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2010-11-01
Volume: 81
Issue: 6
Pages: 1739-1752
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
1467-8624
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x
OpenAlex: W2099204097
Cited by: 226
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 6.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 14 d)
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: executive function, sleep duration, nocturnal sleep, impulse control, prefrontal cortex development, cognitive development, sleep physiology, socioeconomic status, verbal ability
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Medical Records, Neuropsychological Tests, Parents, Prospective Studies, Sleep, Social Class, Verbal Learning, Behavior Control, Executive Function

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Relations Between Physiological and Cognitive Regulatory Systems: Infant Sleep Regulation and Subsequent Executive Functioning

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