Adult versus adolescent onset of smoking: How are mood disorders and other risk factors involved?
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: To examine the strength of association between smoking and mood disorders and the association between smoking and its traditional risk factors, comparing those who started smoking in adolescence with those who started smoking in early adulthood. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: The analyses relied on prospective data from the Zurich Study. This longitudinal community study started in 1979 with a stratified sample of 591 participants aged 20/21 years, weighted towards those with mental disorders. Follow-up interviews were conducted at ages 23, 28, 30, 35 and 41. MEASUREMENTS: In this analysis the adult versus adolescent onset of smoking was regressed on the cumulative prevalence of mood disorders, personality characteristics measured by the Freiburg Personality Inventory, common risk factors such as parental smoking, conduct and school problems, troubles with the family and basic socio-demographic variables (sex, education). FINDINGS: In the Zurich Study cohort we found that 61.6% were former or current smokers, of whom 87% started smoking before the age of 20 and 13% after the age of 20. Adolescent onset of smoking was associated strongly with later major depression, dysthymia or bipolar disorders and, furthermore, with parental smoking, extroverted personality and discipline problems and rebelliousness in youth. However, only depression and dysthymia were associated with adult onset smoking and other risk factors associated with smoking were not so associated in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Correlates of smoking onset in adolescence are mainly not applicable to the onset of smoking in young adulthood. Smoking onset beyond adolescence is an open research issue.
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Some studies have found that incidence of psychotic outcomes has increased in recent decades, while others have found no change, or a decrease.
“Some studies have found that incidence of psychotic outcomes has increased in recent decades (58,59), while others have found no change, or a decrease (60,61).”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
The Method section says the study did not assess psychotic disorders, and the Discussion describes its focus as smoking and correlates such as mood disorders. Searches for changes in the incidence of psychotic outcomes found no passage reporting an increase, no change, or a decrease over recent decades; the References section mentions psychotic experiences but does not state such a trend. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Landolt, K., Angst, J., Gamma, A., Merikangas, K. R., Gutzwiller, F., & Rössler, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ajdacic‐Gross, Vladeta
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-13
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1411-1419
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- PMC
- PMC2909637
- OpenAlex
- W2046839542
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Krebsliga Schweiz
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002807, ZIAMH002807)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- smoking onset, adolescent smoking, adult smoking, mood disorders, depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, parental smoking, personality traits, extraversion, conduct problems, rebelliousness, smoking risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Smoking, Age of Onset, Mood Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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