Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seeking cessation treatment: relations with tobacco dependence, withdrawal, outcome and response to treatment
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: To understand the relations among anxiety disorders and tobacco dependence, withdrawal symptoms, response to smoking cessation pharmacotherapy and ability to quit smoking. DESIGN: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants received six 10-minute individual counseling sessions and either: placebo, bupropion SR, nicotine patch, nicotine lozenge, bupropion SR + nicotine lozenge or nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge. SETTING: Two urban research sites. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from 1504 daily smokers (>9 cigarettes per day) who were motivated to quit smoking and did not report current diagnoses of schizophrenia or psychosis or bupropion use. MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed baseline assessments, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and ecological momentary assessments for 2 weeks. FINDINGS: A structured clinical interview identified participants who ever met criteria for a panic attack (n = 455), social anxiety (n = 199) or generalized anxiety disorder (n = 99), and those who qualified for no anxiety diagnosis (n = 891). Smokers with anxiety disorders reported higher levels of nicotine dependence and pre-quit withdrawal symptoms. Those ever meeting criteria for panic attacks or social anxiety disorder showed greater quit-day negative affect. Smokers ever meeting criteria for anxiety disorders were less likely to be abstinent at 8 weeks and 6 months post-quit and showed no benefit from single-agent or combination-agent pharmacotherapies. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety diagnoses were common among treatment-seeking smokers and were related to increased motivation to smoke, elevated withdrawal, lack of response to pharmacotherapy and impaired ability to quit smoking. These findings could guide treatment assignment algorithms and treatment development for smokers with anxiety diagnoses.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Depression and anxiety place smokers at increased risk for cessation failure, though some studies suggest the evidence is inconclusive.
“Considerable research has assessed the impact of depression and anxiety on cessation outcomes, with a number of studies reporting that depression and anxiety place smokers at increased risk for cessation failure [9-14], with other studies suggesting that the evidence is inconclusive [6,15-18].”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Wellness Program for Latine Adults Who Smoke and Have Psychological Distress: Protocol for a Feasibility Study (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says some research links anxiety disorders to reduced quitting success, while the evidence is mixed. The paper’s Conclusions also report impaired quitting among smokers with anxiety diagnoses. It does not establish the claimed increased risk of cessation failure for smokers with depression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNegative affective symptoms of withdrawal act as negative reinforcers that sustain addiction.
“The emergence of negative affective symptoms, such as dysphoria, anxiety and irritability and, to a lesser extent, the somatic manifestations of withdrawal, serve as negative reinforcers that sustain the vicious cycle of addiction [23, 121, 132–134].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [133]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · see citing works
Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update
Panel, T. U. A. D. G. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e566222009-001 · Cited by 3,864 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806 · see citing works
Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence
(2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1627 · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 · Cited by 2,508 · see citing works
Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1 · Cited by 2,348 · see citing works
Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V.
Watson, D. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.522 · Cited by 1,332 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One prominent model [16] categorizes anxiety disorders into ‘distress’ disorders (e.”
BackgroundAn information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes
Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00069-1 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1107 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic
Reiss, S. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90092-9 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report
Ziedonis, D., Hitsman, B., Beckham, J. C., Zvolensky, M., Adler, L. E., Audrain-McGovern, J., Breslau, N., Brown, R. A., George, T. P., Williams, J., et al. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802443569 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Piper, M. E., Piasecki, T. M., Federman, E. B., Bolt, D. M., Smith, S. S., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.139 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness
Dani, J. A., & Harris, R. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1580 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Motivational Influences on Cigarette Smoking
Baker, T. B., Brandon, T. H., & Chassin, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142054 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory biases in the anxiety disorders
Coles, M. E., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00113-1 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Surfing the urge: Brief mindfulness-based intervention for college student smokers
Bowen, S., & Marlatt, A. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0017127 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
MacPherson, L., Tull, M. T., Matusiewicz, A. K., Rodman, S., Strong, D. R., Kahler, C. W., Hopko, D. R., Zvolensky, M. J., Brown, R. A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017939 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder
Brozovich, F., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking
Breslau, N., Novak, S. P., & Kessler, R. C. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00317-2 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Smoking withdrawal dynamics in unaided quitters.
Piasecki, T. M., Niaura, R., Shadel, W. G., Abrams, D., Goldstein, M., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.74 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationCoping with temptations to smoke.
Shiffman, S. S. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.52.2.261 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of 5 Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapies
Piper, M. E., Smith, S. S., Schlam, T. R., Fiore, M. C., Jorenby, D. E., Fraser, D. L., & Baker, T. B. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.142 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationThe anxiety disorder spectrum: Fear imagery, physiological reactivity, and differential diagnosis
Lang, P. J., & McTeague, L. M. (2008) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802478247 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Mykletun, A., Overland, S., Aarø, L. E., Liabø, H.-M., & Stewart, R. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.005 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Negative Affect as Motivation to Smoke
Brandon, T. H. (1994) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10769919 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Bolt, D. M., Smith, S. S., Lerman, C. E., Benowitz, N. L., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802097563 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationPiper, M. E., Smith, S. S., Schlam, T. R., Fleming, M. F., Bittrich, A. A., Brown, J. L., Leitzke, C. J., Zehner, M. E., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018065 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationZiedonis, D. M., Williams, J. M., & Smelson, D. A. (2003) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200310000-00014 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Smoking in Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Specificity, Symptom Correlates, and Illness Severity
Kotov, R., Guey, L. T., Bromet, E. J., & Schwartz, J. E. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn066 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Associations between smoking cessation and anxiety and depression among U.S. adults
Regan, A. K., Dube, S. R., Strine, T. W., Kroenke, K., Caraballo, R. S., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.01.005 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Piper, M. E., Bolt, D. M., Kim, S., Japuntich, S. J., Smith, S. S., Niederdeppe, J., Cannon, D. S., & Baker, T. B. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013298 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes reducing withdrawal severity mediate nicotine patch efficacy? A randomized clinical trial.
Ferguson, S. G., Shiffman, S., & Gwaltney, C. J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1153 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Personality traits and anxiety symptoms: The multilevel trait predictor model
Kotov, R., Watson, D., Robles, J. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.011 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Russell, M. A. (1990) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(90)90093-c · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Using mediational models to explore the nature of tobacco motivation and tobacco treatment effects.
Piper, M. E., Federman, E. B., McCarthy, D. E., Bolt, D. M., Smith, S. S., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.94 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationZvolensky, M., Gibson, L., Vujanovic, A., Gregor, K., Bernstein, A., Kahler, C., Legues, C. W., Brown, R., & Feldner, M. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802238951 · Cited by 104 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, some research suggests that anxiety disorders may reduce quitting success [2,13], although the evidence is mixed on this point [9,12].”
BackgroundMolecular genetics of anxiety in mice and men
Hovatta, I., & Barlow, C. (2008) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890701747096 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Zvolensky, M. J., Baker, K. M., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Feldner, M. T., & Brown, R. A. (2004) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070310016969 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A randomized controlled clinical trial of bupropion SR and individual smoking cessation counseling
McCarthy, D. E., Piasecki, T. M., Lawrence, D. L., Jorenby, D. E., Shiffman, S. M., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200801968343 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, S. S., Jorenby, D. E., Leischow, S. J., Nides, M. A., Rennard, S. I., Johnston, J. A., Jamerson, B. D., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/1462220021000060437 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating the role of panic disorder in emotional sensitivity processes involved with smoking
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., Forsyth, J. P., Feldner, M. T., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Karekla, M., & Kahler, C. W. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.07.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H., & Hapke, U. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0205 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The role of comorbidity in explaining the associations between anxiety disorders and smoking
Cougle, J. R., Zvolensky, M. J., Fitch, K. E., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Medicine Evaluation of Electrophysiological Studies of the Anxiety Disorders
Clark, C. R., Galletly, C. A., Ash, D. J., Moores, K. A., Penrose, R. A., & McFARLANE, A. C. (2009) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/155005940904000208 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gámez, W., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gloria, R., Angelos, L., Schaefer, H. S., Davis, J. M., Majeskie, M. R., Richmond, B. S., Curtin, J. J., Davidson, R. J., & Baker, T. B. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00823.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationHughes, J. R., & Brandon, T. H. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200310001615330 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Does smoking amortize negative affect?
Piasecki, T. M., & Baker, T. B. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.10.1156 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationKnekt, P., Laaksonen, M. A., Raitasalo, R., Haaramo, P., & Lindfors, O. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.03.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does smoking amortize negative affect?
Piasecki, T. M., & Baker, T. B. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.10.1156 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS AND SMOKING CESSATION
Snyder, M. (2006) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840600642950 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation
Hartmann-Boyce, J., Chepkin, S. C., Ye, W., Bullen, C., & Lancaster, T. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub5 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000003 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Serre, F., Fatseas, M., Swendsen, J., & Auriacombe, M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.024 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub5 · Cited by 1,352 · see citing works
Lindson, N., Chepkin, S. C., Ye, W., Fanshawe, T. R., Bullen, C., & Hartmann-Boyce, J. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013308 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Moylan, S., Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., & Berk, M. (2013) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.137 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
An anxiety sensitivity reduction smoking-cessation program for Spanish-speaking smokers (Argentina)
Zvolensky, M. J., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., Farris, S. G., & Bakhshaie, J. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.10.005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal
Paolini, M., & De Biasi, M. (2011) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.075 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Smoking withdrawal in smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Dedert, E. A., Calhoun, P. S., Harper, L. A., Dutton, C. E., McClernon, F. J., & Beckham, J. C. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr142 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mesolimbic Dopamine and Habenulo-Interpeduncular Pathways in Nicotine Withdrawal
Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012138 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Correa-Fernández, V., Ji, L., Castro, Y., Heppner, W. L., Vidrine, J. I., Costello, T. J., Mullen, P. D., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Velasquez, M. M., Greisinger, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027532 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Divergent Functional Effects of Sazetidine-A and Varenicline During Nicotine Withdrawal
Turner, J. R., Wilkinson, D. S., Poole, R. L., Gould, T. J., Carlson, G. C., & Blendy, J. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Socially anxious smokers experience greater negative affect and withdrawal during self-quit attempts
Buckner, J. D., Langdon, K. J., Jeffries, E. R., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Heffner, J. L., Mull, K. E., Watson, N. L., McClure, J. B., & Bricker, J. B. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.034 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“We hypothesized that this might relate to their similarly high (relative to the no MHC group): (1) prevalence of screening positive for current panic disorder symptoms, (2) scores on the measure of experiential avoidance (AIS), and (3) number of smokers in the home, all of which have been associated with cessation in…”
BackgroundSmits, J. A. J., Zvolensky, M. J., Otto, M. W., Piper, M. E., Baird, S. O., Kauffman, B. Y., Lee-Furman, E., Alavi, N., Dutcher, C. D., Papini, S., et al. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107877 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLabbe, A. K., Wilner, J. G., Coleman, J. N., Marquez, S. M., Kosiba, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., Norton, P. J., Rosenfield, D., & O'Cleirigh, C. (2019) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1533225 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Correa-Fernández, V., Blalock, J. A., Piper, M. E., Canino, G., & Wetter, D. W. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/44146 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrea-Fernández, V., Tavakoli, N., Motsenbocker, M., Kim, H., Wetter, D. W., Blalock, J. A., Canino, G., & Piper, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100776 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Piper, M. E., Cook, J. W., Schlam, T. R., Jorenby, D. E., & Baker, T. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Piper, Megan E.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-10-25
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 418-427
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- PMC
- PMC3017215
- OpenAlex
- W1835789943
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05ca139871-05)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K08DA021311, P50DA019706)
- National Cancer Institute (K05 CA-139871, 1K05CA139871)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR003186, KL2RR025012, M01 RR-03186)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, smoking cessation, tobacco dependence, nicotine withdrawal, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, treatment response, smoking abstinence, negative affect
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Counseling, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Nicotine, Recurrence, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Logistic Models, Smoking Cessation, Bupropion, Treatment Outcome, Nicotinic Agonists, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
