Ketamine for the treatment of addiction: evidence and potential mechanisms
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic drug which acts on the central nervous system chiefly through antagonism of the n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Recently, ketamine has attracted attention as a rapid-acting anti-depressant but other studies have also reported its efficacy in reducing problematic alcohol and drug use. This review explores the preclinical and clinical research into ketamine's ability to treat addiction. Despite methodological limitations and the relative infancy of the field, results thus far are promising. Ketamine has been shown to effectively prolong abstinence from alcohol and heroin in detoxified alcoholics and heroin dependent individuals, respectively. Moreover, ketamine reduced craving for and self-administration of cocaine in non-treatment seeking cocaine users. However, further randomised controlled trials are urgently needed to confirm ketamine's efficacy. Possible mechanisms by which ketamine may work within addiction include: enhancement of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, disruption of relevant functional neural networks, treating depressive symptoms, blocking reconsolidation of drug-related memories, provoking mystical experiences and enhancing psychological therapy efficacy. Identifying the mechanisms by which ketamine exerts its therapeutic effects in addiction, from the many possible candidates, is crucial for advancing this treatment and may have broader implications understanding other psychedelic therapies. In conclusion, ketamine shows great promise as a treatment for various addictions, but well-controlled research is urgently needed. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ketamine has demonstrated remarkable and rapid anti-depressant effects, manifesting as early as a day after administration, in contrast to the response lag observed with traditional antidepressants.
“Ketamine has also demonstrated remarkable and rapid anti-depressant effects, manifesting as early as a day after administration, in contrast to the “response lag” observed with traditional antidepressants (37, 42, 64).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,769 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340 · see citing works
Trivedi, M. H., Rush, A. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Warden, D., Ritz, L., Norquist, G., Howland, R. H., Lebowitz, B., McGrath, P. J., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.28 · Cited by 3,879 · see citing works
Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients
Berman, R. M., Cappiello, A., Anand, A., Oren, D. A., Heninger, G. R., Charney, D. S., & Krystal, J. H. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00230-9 · Cited by 3,856 · see citing works
A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression.
Zarate, C. A., Singh, J. B., Carlson, P. J., Brutsche, N. E., Ameli, R., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Charney, D. S., & Manji, H. K. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.856 · Cited by 3,766 · see citing works
The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754 · see citing works
Krystal, J. H. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004 · Cited by 3,330 · see citing works
Mechanisms and Functional Implications of Adult Neurogenesis
Zhao, C., Deng, W., & Gage, F. H. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.033 · Cited by 3,007 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., Pickering, R. P., & Kaplan, K. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
mTOR-Dependent Synapse Formation Underlies the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of NMDA Antagonists
Li, N., Lee, B., Liu, R.-J., Banasr, M., Dwyer, J. M., Iwata, M., Li, X.-Y., Aghajanian, G., & Duman, R. S. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190287 · Cited by 2,881 · see citing works
The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
Kalivas, P. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403 · Cited by 2,757 · see citing works
Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021052 · Cited by 2,706 · see citing works
Drug Dependence, a Chronic Medical Illness
McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.13.1689 · Cited by 2,622 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, the leading cause of accidental deaths in the US is drug overdose, with opioids (heroin and prescription opioids) as the most prevalent (Rudd et al., 2016) Relapse rates for current therapies range between 40%-80% at one year post- treatment initiation (Mclellan et al., 2000).”
Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2010-2015
Rudd, R. A., Seth, P., David, F., & Scholl, L. (2016) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1 · Cited by 2,194 · see citing works
NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses
Autry, A. E., Adachi, M., Nosyreva, E., Na, E. S., Los, M. F., Cheng, P.-F., Kavalali, E. T., & Monteggia, L. M. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10130 · Cited by 1,926 · see citing works
Moghaddam, B., Adams, B., Verma, A., & Daly, D. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-08-02921.1997 · Cited by 1,793 · see citing works
Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants
Duman, R. S., Aghajanian, G. K., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4050 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 · Cited by 1,684 · see citing works
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites
Zanos, P., Moaddel, R., Morris, P. J., Georgiou, P., Fischell, J., Elmer, G. I., Alkondon, M., Yuan, P., Pribut, H. J., Singh, N. S., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17998 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
The glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction
Kalivas, P. W. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2515 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
Sheline, Y. I., Price, J. L., Yan, Z., & Mintun, M. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000446107 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., Tyacke, R. J., Leech, R., Malizia, A. L., Murphy, K., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1119598109 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study
Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A., Wilcox, C. E., Barbosa, P., & Strassman, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114565144 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Neurogenesis in the striatum of the adult human brain
Ernst, A., Alkass, K., Bernard, S., Salehpour, M., Perl, S., Tisdale, J., Possnert, G., Druid, H., & Frisén, J. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.044 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Pilot study of the 5-HT <sub>2A</sub> R agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction
Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Cosimano, M. P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114548296 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Griffiths, R., Richards, W., Johnson, M., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108094300 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111420188 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., Tagliazucchi, E., Schenberg, E. E., Nest, T., Orban, C., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1518377113 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation
Tronson, N. C., & Taylor, J. R. (2007) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2090 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis
Markou, A. (1998) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(97)00113-9 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Pharmacologic effects of CI‐581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man
Domino, E. F., Chodoff, P., & Corssen, G. (1965) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt196563279 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders
Vollenweider, F. X., & Kometer, M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2884 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation
Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Morgan, C. J. A., Curran, H. V., & the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Self-citationR-ketamine: a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant without psychotomimetic side effects
Yang, C., Shirayama, Y., Zhang, J.-C., Ren, Q., Yao, W., Ma, M., Dong, C., & Hashimoto, K. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.136 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Price, R. B., Nock, M. K., Charney, D. S., & Mathew, S. J. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.029 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Krebs, T. S., & Johansen, P.-Ø. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112439253 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
DiazGranados, N., Ibrahim, L. A., Brutsche, N. E., Ameli, R., Henter, I. D., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Machado-Vieira, R., & Zarate, C. A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05327blu · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Singh, J. B., Fedgchin, M., Daly, E. J., De Boer, P., Cooper, K., Lim, P., Pinter, C., Murrough, J. W., Sanacora, G., Shelton, R. C., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16010037 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Domino, E. F., & Warner, D. S. (2010) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181ed09a2 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance
Lee, J. L. C. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.002 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
A Memory Retrieval-Extinction Procedure to Prevent Drug Craving and Relapse
Xue, Y.-X., Luo, Y.-X., Wu, P., Shi, H.-S., Xue, L.-F., Chen, C., Zhu, W.-L., Ding, Z.-B., Bao, Y.-P., Shi, J., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215070 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Psychobiology of active and inactive memory.
Lewis, D. J. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.5.1054 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Ketamine in Major Depressive Disorder
Lapidus, K. A. B., Levitch, C. F., Perez, A. M., Brallier, J. W., Parides, M. K., Soleimani, L., Feder, A., Iosifescu, D. V., Charney, D. S., & Murrough, J. W. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.026 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Psilocybin-Occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction.
Garcia-Romeu, A., Griffiths, R., & Johnson, M. (2015) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107121331 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Molecular Substrates for Retrieval and Reconsolidation of Cocaine-Associated Contextual Memory
Miller, C. A., & Marshall, J. F. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.006 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Vollenweider, F. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00246-1 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Ketamine – More mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade
SLEIGH, J. W., Harvey, M. G., Voss, L. J., & Denny, B. (2014) · Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.tacc.2014.03.002 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: evidence for a role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
Øye, I., Paulsen, O., & Maurset, A. (1992) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)11430-4 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans
Clements, J. A., Nimmo, W. S., & Grant, I. S. (1982) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600710516 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Vollenweider, F. X., Leenders, K. L., Øye, I., Hell, D., & Angst, J. (1997) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(96)00042-9 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report
Gowing, L., Ali, R. L., ALLSOP, S. J., Marsden, J., Turf, E., West, R., & Witton, J. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12899 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Rapid-acting glutamatergic antidepressants: the path to ketamine and beyond
Krystal, J. H., Sanacora, G., & Duman, R. S. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.026 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Ketamine: Current applications in anesthesia, pain, and critical care
Kurdi, M., Theerth, K. A., & Deva, R. (2014) · Anesthesia Essays and Researches · doi:10.4103/0259-1162.143110 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Disrupting Reconsolidation of Drug Memories Reduces Cocaine-Seeking Behavior
Lee, J. L. C., Ciano, P. D., Thomas, K. L., & Everitt, B. J. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.007 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The effect of depression on return to drinking: a prospective study.
Greenfield, S., Weiss, R., Muenz, L., Vagge, L., Kelly, J., Bello, L. R., & Michael, J. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.259 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction
Curran, H. V., Freeman, T. P., Mokrysz, C., Lewis, D. A., Morgan, C. J. A., & Parsons, L. H. (2016) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.28 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond the Brain: Birth, Death, and Transcendence in Psychotherapy
D, S. G. M., Tart, C. T., Haraldsson, E., Grosso, M., & Fenwick, P. B. C. (1985) · Cited by 377 · see citing works
McGirr, A., Berlim, M. T., Bond, D. J., Fleck, M. P., Yatham, L. N., & Lam, R. W. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001603 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
BDNF release is required for the behavioral actions of ketamine
Lepack, A. E., Fuchikami, M., Dwyer, J. M., Banasr, M., & Duman, R. S. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu033 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
R (−)-ketamine shows greater potency and longer lasting antidepressant effects than S (+)-ketamine
Zhang, J.-C., Li, S.-X., & Hashimoto, K. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.033 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Vollenweider, F. X., Leenders, K. L., Scharfetter, C., Antonini, A., Maguire, P., Missimer, J., & Angst, J. (1997) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(96)00039-9 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Lingford-Hughes, A., Welch, S., Peters, L., Nutt, D., & With expert reviewers (in alphabetical order): Ball D, B. N. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112444324 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Mood Disorders and Substance Use Disorder: A Complex Comorbidity
Quello, S. B., Brady, K. T., & Sonne, S. C. (2005) · Science & Practice Perspectives · doi:10.1151/spp053113 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Cue-Induced Cocaine Seeking and Relapse Are Reduced by Disruption of Drug Memory Reconsolidation
Lee, J. L. C., Milton, A. L., & Everitt, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0323-06.2006 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Alberini, C. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.046 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Scheidegger, M., Walter, M., Lehmann, M., Metzger, C., Grimm, S., Boeker, H., Boesiger, P., Henning, A., & Seifritz, E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044799 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Ketamine and the next generation of antidepressants with a rapid onset of action
Machado‐Vieira, R., Salvadore, G., Diazgranados, N., & Zarate, C. A. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.010 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Ebert, B., Mikkelsen, S. S., Thorkildsen, C., & Borgbjerg, F. M. (1997) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01116-3 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Duncan, W. C., Sarasso, S., Ferrarelli, F., Selter, J., Riedner, B. A., Hejazi, N. S., Yuan, P., Brutsche, N., Manji, H. K., Tononi, G., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145712000545 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Haile, C. N., Murrough, J. W., Iosifescu, D. V., Chang, L. C., Al Jurdi, R. K., Foulkes, A., Iqbal, S., Mahoney, J. J., De La Garza, R., Charney, D. S., et al. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713001119 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Ketamine Psychedelic Therapy (KPT): A Review of the Results of Ten Years of Research
Krupitsky, E. M., & Grinenko, A. Y. (1997) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1997.10400185 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationKetamine psychotherapy for heroin addiction: immediate effects and two-year follow-up
Krupitsky, E., Burakov, A., Romanova, T., Dunaevsky, I., Strassman, R., & Grinenko, A. (2002) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(02)00275-1 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationInteractive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and haloperidol in healthy humans
Krystal, J. H., D’Souza, D. C., Karper, L. P., Bennett, A., Abi‐Dargham, A., Abi‐Saab, D., Cassello, K., Bowers, M. B., Vegso, S., Heninger, G. R., et al. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051049 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Noonan, M. A., Bulin, S. E., Fuller, D. C., & Eisch, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4256-09.2010 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Driesen, N. R., McCarthy, G., Bhagwagar, Z., Bloch, M., Calhoun, V, D'Souza, D. C., Gueorguieva, R., He, G., Ramachandran, R., Suckow, R. F., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.194 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Critical assessment of how to study addiction and its treatment: Human and non-human animal models
O’Brien, C. P., & Gardner, E. L. (2005) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.018 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Bonhomme, V., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Bruno, M.-A., Jaquet, O., Bahri, M. A., Plenevaux, A., Boly, M., Boveroux, P., Soddu, A., et al. (2016) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000001275 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans
Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Bennett, A., D’Souza, D. C., Abi‐Dargham, A., Morrissey, K., Abi‐Saab, D., Bremner, J. D., Bowers, M. B., Suckow, R. F., et al. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050503 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Krystal, J. H., Bennett, A., Abi‐Saab, D., Belger, A., Karper, L. P., D’Souza, D. C., Lipschitz, D. S., Abi‐Dargham, A., & Charney, D. S. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00097-9 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Single Versus Repeated Sessions of Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for People with Heroin Dependence
Krupitsky, E. M., Burakov, A. M., Dunaevsky, I. V., Romanova, T. N., Slavina, T. Y., & Grinenko, A. Y. (2007) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2007.10399860 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationHarmer, C. J., & Cowen, P. J. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0407 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Ketamine gargle for attenuating postoperative sore throat
Canbay, Ö., Çelebi, N., Şahin, A., et al. (2008) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aen023 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Carstensen, M., & Møller, A. M. (2010) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aeq041 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
ANXIETY AS A PREDICTOR OF RELAPSE IN DETOXIFIED ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS
Willinger, U. (2002) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/37.6.609 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight
Singh, I., Morgan, C. J. A., Curran, V. H., Nutt, D., Schlag, A. K., & McShane, R. H. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30102-5 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationGoulart, B. K., de Lima, M. N. M., de Farias, C. B., Reolon, G. K., de Almeida, V. R., Quevedo, J., Kapczinski, F. P., Schröder, N., & Roesler, R. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.032 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Niesters, M., Khalili-Mahani, N., Martini, C., Aarts, L., van Gerven, J., van Buchem, M. A., Dahan, A., & Rombouts, S. (2012) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31826a0db3 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Dakwar, E., Levin, F., Foltin, R. W., Nunes, E. V., & Hart, C. L. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.009 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Antidepressant treatment of co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence
Pettinati, H. M. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.07.016 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mandyam, C. D., & Koob, G. F. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.12.005 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Ketamine and Beyond: Investigations into the Potential of Glutamatergic Agents to Treat Depression
Lener, M. S., Kadriu, B., & Zarate, C. A. (2017) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0702-8 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Angelucci, F., Ricci, V., Pomponi, M., Conte, G., Mathé, A. A., Tonali, P. A., & Bria, P. (2007) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107078491 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: do the psychoactive effects matter?
Dakwar, E., Anerella, C., Hart, C. L., Levin, F. R., Mathew, S. J., & Nunes, E. V. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.019 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-5307 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Paul, R. K., Singh, N. S., Khadeer, M., Moaddel, R., Sanghvi, M., Green, C. E., O’Loughlin, K., Torjman, M. C., Bernier, M., & Wainer, I. W. (2014) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000285 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Interactions between NMDA and dopamine receptors: A potential therapeutic target
Wang, M., Wong, A. H. C., & Liu, F. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.029 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ketamine and the conscious mind
Collier, B. B. (1972) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1972.tb08186.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
How does ketamine elicit a rapid antidepressant response?
Kavalali, E. T., & Monteggia, L. M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2014.11.005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of addiction and dual diagnosis disorders
Chambers, R. A. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Morgan, C. J. A., Mofeez, A., Brandner, B., Bromley, L. M., & Curran, H. V. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1656-y · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationKetamine effects on memory reconsolidation favor a learning model of delusions
Corlett, P. R., Cambridge, V., Gardner, J. M., Piggot, J. S., Turner, D. C., Everitt, J. C., Arana, F. S., Morgan, H. L., Milton, A. L., Lee, J. L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065088 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dakwar, E., Hart, C. L., Levin, F. R., Nunes, E. V., & Foltin, R. W. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.39 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Increased neurogenesis in a rat ketamine model of schizophrenia
Keilhoff, G., Bernstein, H., Becker, A., Grecksch, G., & Wolf, G. L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effects of low‐dose intranasal (S)‐ketamine in patients with neuropathic pain
Huge, V., Lauchart, M., Magerl, W., Schelling, G., Beyer, A., Thieme, D., & Azad, S. C. (2009) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.08.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Scheller, M., Bufler, J., Hertle, I., Schneck, H. J., Franke, C., & Kochs, E. F. (1996) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-199610000-00031 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Hallucinogenic Drugs in Psychiatric Research and Treatment Perspectives and Prospects
Strassman, R. (1995) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199503000-00002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ota, K. T., & Duman, R. S. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.05.022 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Attentional bias, inhibitory control and acute stress in current and former opiate addicts
Constantinou, N., Morgan, C. J. A., Battistella, S., O’Ryan, D., Davis, P. W., & Curran, H. V. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine on verbal memory in normal volunteers
Parwani, A., Weiler, M. A., Blaxton, T. A., Warfel, D. T., Hardin, M. G., Frey, K., & Lahti, A. C. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0177-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Psychotropic Effect of Ketamine
Hansen, G., Jensen, S. B., Chandresh, L., & Hilden, T. (1988) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1988.10472511 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
[Ketamine--dreams and realities].
Arditti, J., Spadari, M., de Haro, L., Brun, A., Bourdon, J.-H., & Valli, M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ketamine: Dreams and Realities
Jansen, K. (2001) · Cited by 81 · see citing works
White, A. M., Jordan, J. D., Schroeder, K., Acheson, S. K., Georgi, B. D., Sauls, G., Ellington, R. R., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2004) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1300/j465v25n01_08 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lydic, R., & Baghdoyan, H. A. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.6.615 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Zhai, H., Wu, P., Chen, S., Li, F., Liu, Y., & Lü, L. (2008) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282fe88a0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Scheller, M., Bufler, J., Hertle, I., et al. (1996) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/00000539-199610000-00031 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels in cocaine-dependent patients during early abstinence
Corominas, M., Roncero, C., Eiroá‐Orosa, F. J., Gonzalvo, B., Grau‐López, L., Ribasés, M., Rodríguez-Cintas, L., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., & Casas, M. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.016 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Alterations of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Serum Levels in Patients with Alcohol Dependence
Zanardini, R., Fontana, A., Pagano, R., Mazzaro, E., Bergamasco, F., Romagnosi, G., Gennarelli, M., & Bocchio‐Chiavetto, L. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01489.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Peterbauer, C., Larenza, P. M., Knobloch, M., Theurillat, R., Thormann, W., Mevissen, M., & Spadavecchia, C. (2008) · Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00402.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Activation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Attenuates Acute Responsiveness of δ-Opioid Receptors
Cai, Y.-C., Ma, L., Fan, G.-H., Zhao, J., Jiang, L., & Pei, G. (1997) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.51.4.583 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kolp, E., Friedman, H. L., Krupitsky, E. M., Jansen, K., Sylvester, M., Young, M. S., & Kolp, A. (2014) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2014.33.2.84 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationEnderle, A. K., Levionnois, O., Kuhn, M., et al. (2008) · Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00391.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sabino, V., Narayan, A. R., Zeric, T., Steardo, L., & Cottone, P. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.030 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of sedatives on noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats
Kubota, T., Hirota, K., Yoshida, H., Takahashi, S., Anzawa, N., Ohkawa, H., Kushikata, T., & MATSUKI, A. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051125 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ketamine Affects the Neurogenesis of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in 7-Day-Old Rats
Huang, H., Liu, C., Sun, J., Hao, T., Xu, C., Wang, D., & Wu, Y. (2016) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-016-9615-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kolp, E., Young, M. S., Florida Mental Health Institute of University of South Florida, Friedman, H., University of Florida, Krupitsky, E., St. Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, Jansen, K., O’Connor, L.-A., & Argosy University (2007) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2007.26.1.1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSunder, R. A., Toshniwal, G., & Dureja, G. P. (2008) · Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury · doi:10.1186/1749-7221-3-22 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Clinical Uses of Low – Dose Ketamine in Patients Undergoing Surgery
Berti, M., Baciarello, M., Troglio, R., et al. (2009) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/138945009788982496 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Morgan, C. J. A., McAndrew, A., Stevens, T., Nutt, D., & Lawn, W. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.10.009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, J., Fu, Y., Wilson, F. A. W., & Ma, Y. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.062 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kolp, E., Friedman, H. L., Young, M. S., & Krupitsky, E. M. (2006) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15473333thp3404_7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationClarke, H. A., Woodhouse, L. J., Kennedy, D. M., Stratford, P. W., & Katz, J. D. (2011) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2009-49p · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Das, R., Hindocha, C., Freeman, T. P., Lazzarino, A. I., Curran, H. V., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3990-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Das, R., Freeman, T. P., & Kamboj, S. K. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Anaesthesia in horses using halothane and intravenous ketamine–guaiphenesin: a clinical study
Spadavecchia, C., Stucki, F., Moens, Y. P., et al. (2002) · Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia · doi:10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00060.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fattore, L., Piva, A., Zanda, M. T., Fumagalli, G. F., & Chiamulera, C. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4793-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
McAndrew, A., Lawn, W., Stevens, T., Porffy, L., Brandner, B., & Morgan, C. J. A. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1895-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationA 2 year experience of nurse led conscious sedation in paediatric burns
O’Hara, D., Ganeshalingam, K., Gerrish, H., et al. (2013) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2013.08.021 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evidence based practice of chronic pain
Garg, R. K., Bhatnagar, S., Joshi, S., et al. (2012) · Indian Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.4103/0973-1075.105684 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alterations of BDNF and GDNF serum levels in alcohol-addicted patients during alcohol withdrawal
Sönmez, M. B., Görgülü, Y., Çınar, R. K., et al. (2016) · Trakya University's Institutional Open Access System (Trakya University) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Memory Mechanisms in Health and Disease
Giese, K.-P. (2011) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/8264 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kolp, E., Krupitsky, E. M., Friedman, H. L., et al. (2009) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction
Volkow, N. D., Michaelides, M., & Baler, R. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2018 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Abdallah, C. G., Sanacora, G., Duman, R. S., & Krystal, J. H. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.010 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Grabski, M., McAndrew, A., Lawn, W., Marsh, B., Raymen, L., Stevens, T., Hardy, L., Warren, F., Bloomfield, M., Borissova, A., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21030277 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationKetamine can reduce harmful drinking by pharmacologically rewriting drinking memories
Das, R. K., Gale, G., Walsh, K., Hennessy, V. E., Iskandar, G., Mordecai, L. A., Brandner, B., Kindt, M., Curran, H. V., & Kamboj, S. K. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13162-w · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Rothberg, R. L., Azhari, N., Haug, N. A., & Dakwar, E. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120970879 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Psychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications
Grieco, S. F., Castrén, E., Knudsen, G. M., Kwan, A. C., Olson, D. E., Zuo, Y., Holmes, T. C., & Xu, X. (2022) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1121-22.2022 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Low-dose ketamine is being studied for the treatment of heroin, cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine abuse, and for the treatment of anxiety, panic disorder, PTSD, agoraphobia, anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, suicide prevention, and others (Rasmussen, 2016; Ezquerra-Romano et al., 2018).”
Mollaahmetoglu, O. M., Keeler, J., Ashbullby, K. J., Ketzitzidou-Argyri, E., Grabski, M., & Morgan, C. J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695335 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationMarton, T., Barnes, D. E., Wallace, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Eleftheriou, M. E., & Thomas, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707057 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Additionally, psychedelics may provide relief in depression and anxiety by enhancing engagement with therapy, which can be remarkably low in mentally ill patients, particularly in the case of treatmentresistant depression (42, 43, 70).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOff-label and investigational drugs in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A critical review
Fischler, P. V., Soyka, M., Seifritz, E., & Mutschler, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.927703 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ivan Ezquerra-Romano, I., Lawn, W., Krupitsky, E., & Morgan, C. J. A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg (RU)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Morgan, C.J.A.
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 142
- Pages
- 72-82
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2784219766
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/L023032/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- ketamine, addiction treatment, NMDA receptor antagonism, alcoholism, heroin addiction, cocaine self-administration, craving, abstinence, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, psychedelic therapy, rapid-acting antidepressants, mystical experience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Ketamine, Psychotropic Drugs, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
