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Nonexercise activity thermogenesis – liberating the life‐force
Abstract
Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over a protracted period of time. The energy expenditure associated with everyday activity is called NEAT (Nonexercise activity thermogenesis). NEAT varies between two people of similar size by 2000 kcal day −1 because of people’s different occupations and leisure‐time activities. Data support the central hypothesis that NEAT is pivotal in the regulation of human energy expenditure and body weight regulation and that NEAT is important for understanding the cause and effective treatment for obesity.
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“For example, differences in energy balance as little as in 71 kJ/day (17 kcal), which is approximately the energy utilized in standing for one hour, and only about 0.6% of daily total energy expenditure, could theoretically lead to a weight gain or loss of 1 kg/year 23,41–43.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [43]
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“NEAT is energy burned by movement other than exercise, such as fidgeting, maintenance of posture, and other activities of daily life, and has been found to play an important role in dissipating excess energy to preserve leanness in adult humans 43.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [43]
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BackgroundHierarchical Approaches to Estimate Energy Expenditure Using Phone-Based Accelerometers
Vathsangam, H., Schroeder, E. T., & Sukhatme, G. S. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2013.2297055 · Cited by 21
Energy Flux and its Role in Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Hand, G. A., & Blair, S. N. (2014) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2014.10.02.131 · Cited by 21
Casper, R. C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072060 · Cited by 20
“Once spontaneous physical activity levels, conceptualized as “daily physical activity not due to exercise” [59,60] and “all physical activity behavior that emanates from an inherent drive for movement” [61], were recorded in severely underweight AN patients, no differences were found in comparison to spontaneous physi…”
BackgroundWalking behaviours among adolescent girls in Scotland: a pilot study
Kirby, J., & Inchley, J. (2012) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/09654281311293628 · Cited by 20
The feasibility of ambulatory screen time in children
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Self-citationThe Maintenance of Energy Balance Is Compromised after Weight Loss
Reed, J. L., Chaput, J., Tremblay, A., & Doucet, É. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.03.022 · Cited by 20
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“This finding is in line with the pivotal role of non-exercise activity thermogenesis in energy balance that is being stressed by several researchers (e.g. Levine, 2007).”
ResultThe Central Role of Hypothermia and Hyperactivity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis
SMITH, L. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.700645 · Cited by 21
“In ANs (and HCs), NEAT includes all activities of daily living not classified as regular exercise/ExEx (Levine, 2007; Gummer et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOnoue, T., Goto, M., Kobayashi, T., Tominaga, T., Ando, M., Honda, H., Yoshida, Y., Tosaki, T., Yokoi, H., Kato, S., et al. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.18999/nagjms.79.3.323 · Cited by 17
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“A difference in NEAT has been observed between obese and lean subjects [18].”
BackgroundGross and relative energy cost of domestic household activities in Asian men
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“Research is needed to investigate how to promote and support nonexercise behavior at the workplace and in community settings.(35,45,52) The strengths of the study included the use of prospective study design, accelerometer-derived activity measures, and controlling for a wide variety of potential confounders that incr…”
BackgroundOsiński, W., & Kantanista, A. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34763/devperiodmed.20172103.224234 · Cited by 16
“While variance in NEAT may be an occasional, not otherwise programmed phenomenon, it sometimes represents a characteristic personality trait or a measure of one’s interests and aspirations in life, signi#cantly a!ecting the person’s energy balance and contributing to changes in body composition [16].”
BackgroundMitchell, B. L., Smith, A. E., Rowlands, A. V., Parfitt, G., & Dollman, J. (2018) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.002 · Cited by 16
A “NEAT” Approach to Obesity Prevention in the Modern Work Environment
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“These findings agree with reported links between non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) and incidence of excess weight, especially obesity-related comorbidities [50, 51].”
BackgroundTucker, W. J., Jarrett, C. L., D’Lugos, A. C., Angadi, S. S., & Gaesser, G. A. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15118 · Cited by 14
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Intracerebroventricular injection of adiponectin regulates locomotor activity in rats
Miyatake, Y., Shiuchi, T., Ueta, T., Taniguchi, Y., Futami, A., Sato, F., Kitamura, T., Tsutsumi, R., Harada, N., Nakaya, Y., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.62.199 · Cited by 13
Bergman, F., Boraxbekk, C., Wennberg, P., Sörlin, A., & Olsson, T. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2017-6 · Cited by 14
“We need to work with environmental factors and investigate how we can reduce sitting time in different settings [5] in addition to working with individual and social factors.”
BackgroundUemura, H., Katsuura‐Kamano, S., Yamaguchi, M., Nakamoto, M., Hiyoshi, M., & Arisawa, K. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/9066 · Cited by 13
Energy Flux and its Role in Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Hand, G. A., & Blair, S. N. (2014) · US Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/use.2014.10.01.59 · Cited by 12
Nakajima, Y., Sato, K., Sudo, M., Nagao, M., Kano, T., Harada, T., Ishizaki, A., Tanimura, K., Okajima, F., Tamura, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.3806 · Cited by 12
Barwais, F. A., Cuddihy, T. F., Rachele, J. N., & Washington, T. L. (2013) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2013.06.003 · Cited by 11
Taguchi, M., & Manore, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.885631 · Cited by 16
“NEAT varies with environmental factors, activity status, physiological factors, and occupation, and can vary up to 2,000 kcal/day in individuals (30), even with similar body sizes (31).”
BackgroundSignificance of variation in basal metabolic rate in laboratory mice for translational experiments
Brzęk, P., Gębczyński, A. K., Selewestruk, P., Książek, A., Sadowska, J., & Konarzewski, M. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-021-01410-9 · Cited by 11
“…is known as NEAT (nonexercise activity thermogenesis), which accounts for a significant part of the energy expenditure in everyday activity and is therefore crucial in the regulation of body mass and the search for an effective treatment for obesity or metabolic syndrome (Levine 2007; Teske et al.”
BackgroundKATP channels process nucleotide signals in muscle thermogenic response
Reyes, S., Park, S., Terzic, A., & Alekseev, A. (2010) · Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology · doi:10.3109/10409238.2010.513374 · Cited by 11
“…transforming consumed energy to a readily usable form, primarily ATP, which is then utilized by active cellular processes to maintain the whole spectrum of cellular and core body functions concomitantly producing heat, that is, in thermogenesis (Else et al., 2004; Himms-Hagen, 2004; Levine, 2007).”
BackgroundAn Overview of the Complexities in Obesity
Karasu, S. R. (2012) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827612460832 · Cited by 11
“Caloric expenditure by physical activity can vary by 3-fold from the extremely active to those who are sedentary.(152) There are 2 kinds of physical activity: nonexercise physical activity thermogenesis, that is, spontaneous movement of the body (including posture, fidgeting, sitting, standing, or even chewing gum), a…”
BackgroundEnergy expenditure in people with motor-complete paraplegia
Holmlund, T., Ekblom‐Bak, E., Franzén, E., Hultling, C., Nilsson-Wikmar, L. B., & Wahman, K. (2017) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2017.27 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Levine, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levine, J. A.
- ORCID
- Levine, J. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-08-09
- Volume
- 262
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 273-287
- ISSN
- 0954-6820 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2796
- OpenAlex
- W2113493782
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK050456, R01DK063226, DK50456, R01DK066270, DK 63226, DK 66270, DK-56650, R01DK056650)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 0585, M01RR000585)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- energy expenditure, obesity, body weight regulation, daily physical activity, occupational activity, leisure-time activities, energy balance
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Environment Design, Humans, Life Style, Models, Biological, Obesity, Exercise, Thermogenesis
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