The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives
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Summary: Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair, digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can vary tremendously among species and individuals, potentially leading to large variation in daily energy expenditure (DEE). Locomotor energy costs can be substantial for large-bodied species and those with high-activity lifestyles. For humans in industrialized societies, locomotion necessary for daily activities is often relatively low, so it has been presumed that activity energy expenditure and DEE are lower than in our ancestors. Whether this is true and has contributed to a rise in obesity is controversial. In humans, much attention has centered on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the latter sometimes defined so broadly as to include all energy expended due to activity, exclusive of volitional exercise. Given that most people in Western societies engage in little voluntary exercise, increasing NEAT may be an effective way to maintain DEE and combat overweight and obesity. One way to promote NEAT is to decrease the amount of time spent on sedentary behaviours (e.g. watching television). The effects of voluntary exercise on other components of physical activity are highly variable in humans, partly as a function of age, and have rarely been studied in rodents. However, most rodent studies indicate that food consumption increases in the presence of wheels; therefore, other aspects of physical activity are not reduced enough to compensate for the energetic cost of wheel running. Most rodent studies also show negative effects of wheel access on body fat, especially in males. Sedentary behaviours per se have not been studied in rodents in relation to obesity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of dopamine, in addition to other neural signaling networks (e.g. the endocannabinoid system), in the control of voluntary exercise. A largely separate literature points to a key role for orexins in SPA and NEAT. Brain reward centers are involved in both types of physical activities and eating behaviours, likely leading to complex interactions. Moreover, voluntary exercise and, possibly, eating can be addictive. A growing body of research considers the relationships between personality traits and physical activity, appetite, obesity and other aspects of physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the neurobiology, endocrinology and genetics of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by examining key brain areas, neurotransmitters and hormones involved in motivation, reward and/or the regulation of energy balance.
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A methodological bias in the employment of exercise leads to an over-recommendation of a single type of exercise based on personal preference.
“And a methodological bias in the employment of exercise that leads to an over recommendation of a single type of exercise based on personal preference [27,55-57].”
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Neurotrophic factor control of satiety and body weight
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Voluntary wheel running: patterns and physiological effects in mice
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Putting desire on a budget: dopamine and energy expenditure, reconciling reward and resources
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“The following activities are encouraged to promote leisure time physical activity [137,138]: Engage in competitive sport activities involving substantial physical activity, best if on a routine basis.”
BackgroundDopamine Depletion Reduces Food-Related Reward Activity Independent of BMI
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- Authors
- Garland, T., Schutz, H., Chappell, M. A., Keeney, B. K., Meek, T. H., Copes, L. E., Acosta, W., Drenowatz, C., Maciel, R. C., van Dijk, G., Kotz, C. M., & Eisenmann, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, Neuroendocrinology Unit, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
- University of Minnesota (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Biology
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2011-01-15
- Volume
- 214
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 206-229
- ISSN
- 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9145
- PMC
- PMC3008631
- OpenAlex
- W2047820724
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 416
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0543429, 0925793)
- National Institutes of Health (/ NIDDK R01, 5r01dk078985-04)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK-078985, DK-078985)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity, non-exercise activity thermogenesis, daily energy expenditure, obesity, sedentary behavior, wheel running, dopamine, orexin, food reward, energy balance, personality traits, appetite, rodents
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Intake, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Motor Activity, Neurobiology, Obesity, Rodentia, Exercise
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