Immediate and delayed incorporations of events into dreams: further replication and implications for dream function
Abstract
The incorporation of memories into dreams is characterized by two types of temporal effects: the day-residue effect, involving immediate incorporations of events from the preceding day, and the dream-lag effect, involving incorporations delayed by about a week. This study was designed to replicate these two effects while controlling several prior methodological problems and to provide preliminary information about potential functions of delayed event incorporations. Introductory Psychology students were asked to recall dreams at home for 1 week. Subsequently, they were instructed to select a single dream and to retrieve past events related to it that arose from one of seven randomly determined days prior to the dream (days 1-7). They then rated both their confidence in recall of events and the extent of correspondence between events and dreams. Judges evaluated qualities of the reported events using scales derived from theories about the function of delayed incorporations. Average ratings of correspondences between dreams and events were high for predream days 1 and 2, low for days 3 and 4 and high again for days 5-7, but only for participants who rated their confidence in recall of events as high and only for females. Delayed incorporations were more likely than immediate incorporations to refer to events characterized by interpersonal interactions, spatial locations, resolved problems and positive emotions. The findings are consistent with the possibility that processes with circaseptan (about 7 days) morphology underlie dream incorporation and that these processes subserve the functions of socio-emotional adaptation and memory consolidation.
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After the first peak in incorporation of waking memories into DE (day-residue effect), there is a second peak 6-7 days later (dream-lag effect).
“It is well-known that after the first peak in incorporation of waking memories into DE (1 day from the events) called “day-residue effect,” there is a second peak following the experience 6–7 days later, i.e., dream-lag effect (Nielsen et al., 2004; Blagrove et al., 2011; Eichenlaub et al., 2019).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Nielsen et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Nielsen, T. A., Kuiken, D., Alain, G., Stenstrom, P., & Powell, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (CA)
- MacEwan University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-11-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 327-336
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- OpenAlex
- W2043333746
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- dream recall, memory consolidation, circaseptan rhythm, dream function, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dreams, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Memory, Sex Factors, Time Factors
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