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Cited by 2,245Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsHuman Behavior and MotivationPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Psychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes

Ryan, Richard M.·1995·Journal of Personality
DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
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Abstract

ABSTRACT The assumption that there are innate integrative or actualizing tendencies underlying personality and social development is reexamined. Rather than viewing such processes as either nonexistent or as automatic, I argue that they are dynamic and dependent upon social‐contextual supports Pertaining to basic human psychological needs. To develop this viewpoint, I conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration. These processes are then shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs. Interactions between psychological needs and contextual supports account, in part, for the domain and situational specificity of motivation, experience, and relative integration. The meaning of psychological needs (vs. wants) is directly considered, as are the relations between concepts of integration and autonomy and those of independence, individualism, efficacy, and cognitive models of “multiple selves.”

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Metadata

Authors
Ryan, R. M.
Affiliations
University of Rochester (US)
Corresponding author
Ryan, Richard M.
ORCID
Ryan, Richard M.
Venue
Journal of Personality
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1995-09
Volume
63
Issue
3
Pages
397-427
ISSN
  • 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-6494
DOI
10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
OpenAlex
W2006905596
Cited by
2,245
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 84 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 112
FWCI
2.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 3892 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD019914, HD-19914)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords
psychological needs, integration processes, actualizing tendency, intrinsic motivation, internalization, emotional integration, autonomy, competence, relatedness, individualism, multiple selves, personality development, social development (developmental psychology)
MeSH terms
Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Individuation, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Personality Development, Self Concept, Social Adjustment

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