CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,245Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsHuman Behavior and MotivationPersonality Traits and Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Psychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes

Ryan, Richard M.·1995·Journal of Personality
DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

ABSTRACT The assumption that there are innate integrative or actualizing tendencies underlying personality and social development is reexamined. Rather than viewing such processes as either nonexistent or as automatic, I argue that they are dynamic and dependent upon social‐contextual supports Pertaining to basic human psychological needs. To develop this viewpoint, I conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration. These processes are then shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs. Interactions between psychological needs and contextual supports account, in part, for the domain and situational specificity of motivation, experience, and relative integration. The meaning of psychological needs (vs. wants) is directly considered, as are the relations between concepts of integration and autonomy and those of independence, individualism, efficacy, and cognitive models of “multiple selves.”

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Research works printed but not linked: 105

  1. Allport G. W., 1965, Pattern and growth in personality
  2. Angyal A., 1941, Foundations for a science of personality
  3. Augros R., 1987, The new biology: Discovering the wisdom in nature
  4. 10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Bartley W. W., 1987, Evolutionary epistemology, rationality, and the sociology of knowledge, 7
  6. Bellah R. N., 1985, Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life
  7. 10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1021 · DOI
  8. Blasi A., 1976, Ego development, 29
  9. Bowlby J., 1988, A secure base: Parent‐child attachment and healthy human development
  10. Broughton J. M., 1988, Self, ego, and identity
  11. Brown N. O., 1966, Love's body
  12. 10.1016/0273-2297(91)90014-F · DOI
  13. Collins B. E., 1977, Internalization: Towards a micro‐social psychology of socialization or enduring behavior control
  14. 10.1037/e533602009-029 · DOI
  15. 10.2307/2095560 · DOI
  16. Charms R., 1968, Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior
  17. Deci E. L., 1980, The psychology of self‐determination
  18. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x · DOI · Paper page
  19. 10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6 · DOI
  20. 10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · DOI · Paper page
  21. 10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1024 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Deci E. L., 1991, Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation, 237
  23. Dewey J., 1938, Experience and education
  24. Dreikurs R., 1958, The challenge of parenthood
  25. Elkind D., 1971, Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1
  26. 10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058 · DOI
  27. Frederick C. M., Self‐determination in sport: A review using cognitive evaluation theory, International Journal of Sport Psychology
  28. Freud S., 1962, The ego and the id
  29. 10.2307/1130244 · DOI
  30. 10.1007/978-94-015-7259-0 · DOI
  31. Gergen K. J., 1991, The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life
  32. 10.1037/14360-000 · DOI
  33. Goldstein K., 1939, The organism
  34. Greenspan S. I., 1979, Intelligence and adaptation
  35. Greenwald A. G., 1982, Psychological perspectives on the self, 151
  36. Guttman L., 1954, Mathematical thinking in the social sciences, 258
  37. 10.1007/978-1-4615-7834-5_3 · DOI
  38. 10.1037/10628-000 · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Hunt J. M., 1963, Motivation and social interaction, 35
  41. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01066.x · DOI · Paper page
  42. Jacob F., 1973, The logic of life: A history of heredity
  43. James W., 1890, The principles of psychology
  44. Jonas H., 1966, The phenomenon of life: Toward a philosophical biology
  45. 10.1177/0146167286121007 · DOI
  46. Jones A., 1991, Handbook of self‐actualization [Special Issue], Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6
  47. Jung C. G., 1951, Collected Works
  48. 10.1109/MSPEC.1983.6367058 · DOI
  49. 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.410 · DOI · Paper page
  50. Kasser T., Further examining the American dream: The differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic goal structures, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
  51. Kasser T., 1994, The relations of parental and social environments to late adolescents' materialistic and prosocial values
  52. 10.1177/002200275800200106 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Kierkegaard S., 1968, The sickness unto death
  54. Koestner R., 1990, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 527
  55. Laszlo E., 1987, Evolution: The grand synthesis
  56. Lepper M. R., 1983, Social cognition and social development, 294
  57. Locke E. A., 1990, A theory of goal setting and task performance
  58. Loevinger J., 1976, Ego development
  59. Markus H. J., 1986, Development during middle childhood, 147
  60. Maslow A. H., 1954, Motivation and personality
  61. Maturana H. R., 1992, The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding
  62. Mayr E., 1982, The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance
  63. McAdams D. P., 1990, The person: An introduction to personality psychology
  64. 10.1017/CBO9780511527937.004 · DOI
  65. McGregor D., 1960, The human side of enterprise
  66. Meissner W. W., 1981, Internalization in psychoanalysis
  67. Montessori M., 1964, The Montessori method
  68. Murray H. A., 1938, Explorations in personality
  69. Nunberg H., 1931, The synthetic function of the ego, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 12, 123
  70. 10.1080/00224545.1990.9922933 · DOI
  71. Overton W. F., 1991, Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Models and integrations, 1
  72. Pervin L. A., 1991, Advances in motivation and achievement: A research annual, 1
  73. 10.1037/11494-000 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Piaget J., 1971, Biology and knowledge
  75. Polanyi M., 1958, Personal knowledge
  76. Rafflni J. P., 1993, Winners without losers: Structures and strategies for increasing student motivation to learn
  77. Rogers C., 1961, On becoming a person
  78. Rogers C., 1963, Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1
  79. Rogers C., 1969, Freedom to learn
  80. 10.1017/CBO9781139171724 · DOI
  81. 10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_11 · DOI
  82. Ryan R. M., 1993, Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation, 1
  83. Ryan R. M., Manual of developmental psychopathology
  84. 10.2307/1130981 · DOI · Paper page
  85. 10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.736 · DOI · Paper page
  86. Ryan R. M., Initial motivations for alcohol treatment: Relations with patient characteristics, treatment involvement and dropout, Addictive Behaviors
  87. 10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.586 · DOI
  88. Ryan R. M., The psychology of action: Linking motivation and cognition to behavior
  89. Ryan R. M., 1991, Advances in motivation and achievement: Goals and self‐regulatory processes, 115
  90. 10.1177/027243169401400207 · DOI
  91. Schafer R., 1968, Aspects of internalization
  92. Schafer R., 1983, The analytic attitude
  93. Seeman J., 1983, Personality integration: Studies and reflections
  94. 10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.531 · DOI
  95. Sheldon K. M., 1994, What makes for a good day? Autonomy and competence in the person and in the day
  96. 10.1177/001316446402400203 · DOI
  97. Skinner B. F., 1953, Science and human behavior
  98. Strauss J., 1987, Autonomy disturbances in subtypes of anorexia nervosa, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 254, 10.1037/0021-843X.96.3.254 · DOI
  99. Tolman E. C., 1932, Purposive behavior in animals and men
  100. 10.1037/0003-066X.46.12.1278 · DOI
  101. Bertalanffy L., 1968, General systems theory
  102. Walton R. E., 1985, From control to commitment in the workplace, Harvard Business Review, 63, 77
  103. Werner H., 1948, Comparative psychology of mental development
  104. Williams G. C., 1994, Supporting autonomy to promote maintained behavior change and positive health outcomes
  105. Williams G. C., 1994, Motivational predictors of weight loss and weight‐loss maintenance

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Ryan, R. M.
Affiliations
University of Rochester (US)
Corresponding author
Ryan, Richard M.
ORCID
Ryan, Richard M.
Venue
Journal of Personality
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1995-09
Volume
63
Issue
3
Pages
397-427
ISSN
  • 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-6494
DOI
10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
OpenAlex
W2006905596
Cited by
2,245
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 84 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 112
FWCI
2.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 3892 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD019914, HD-19914)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords
psychological needs, integration processes, actualizing tendency, intrinsic motivation, internalization, emotional integration, autonomy, competence, relatedness, individualism, multiple selves, personality development, social development (developmental psychology)
MeSH terms
Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Individuation, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Personality Development, Self Concept, Social Adjustment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review