The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe
Abstract
Highly hypnotizable participants were given a posthypnotic suggestion to feel a flash of disgust whenever they read an arbitrary word. They were then asked to rate moral transgressions described in vignettes that either did or did not include the disgust-inducing word. Two studies show that moral judgments can be made more severe by the presence of a flash of disgust. These findings suggest that moral judgments may be grounded in affectively laden moral intuitions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and may even serve to”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
Hume, D. A. (1739) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511620409.040 · Cited by 9,910
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Haidt, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.814 · Cited by 8,048
Self-citationCognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Nonparametric Statistical Methods
(1999) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1999.10485954 · Cited by 6,118
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513 · Cited by 4,952
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research
Rosenthal, R. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781412984997 · Cited by 4,635
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research.
Metcalfe, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348600 · Cited by 4,249
Nonparametric Statistical Methods.
Knott, M. J., Hollander, M., & Wolfe, D. A. (1974) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344557 · Cited by 2,687
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology
Haidt, J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137651 · Cited by 2,504
Self-citationGraham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S. P., Motyl, M. S., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4 · Cited by 1,966
Self-citationDamage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements
Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05631 · Cited by 1,545
Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks
Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1618923114 · Cited by 1,580
Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment
Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., & Jordan, A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208317771 · Cited by 1,409
Self-citationMotivation and justification: a dual process model of culture in action.
Vaisey, S. (2009) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/597179 · Cited by 1,279
Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism.
Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014823 · Cited by 1,120
Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust.
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015474 · Cited by 1,161
The Role of Conscious Reasoning and Intuition in Moral Judgment
Cushman, F. A., Young, L., & HAUSER, M. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01834.x · Cited by 1,061
Mind Perception Is the Essence of Morality
Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.651387 · Cited by 1,008
Disgust: evolved function and structure
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0030778 · Cited by 810
Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny
Manne, K. (2017) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001 · Cited by 791
The Emotional Construction of Morals
PRINZ, J. J. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571543.001.0001 · Cited by 789
13 Ethical Decision Making: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going
Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Smith‐Crowe, K. (2008) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.1080/19416520802211677 · Cited by 720
Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially Purity) help explain culture war attitudes
Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006 · Cited by 682
Self-citationUnderstanding Libertarian Morality: The Psychological Dispositions of Self-Identified Libertarians
Iyer, R., Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042366 · Cited by 781
Self-citationA mutualistic approach to morality: The evolution of fairness by partner choice
Baumard, N., André, J., & Sperber, D. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11002202 · Cited by 702
A Dissociation Between Moral Judgments and Justifications
HAUSER, M., CUSHMAN, F., YOUNG, L., KANG‐XING JIN, R., & MIKHAIL, J. (2007) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00297.x · Cited by 666
Malle, B. F., Guglielmo, S., & Monroe, A. E. (2014) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.877340 · Cited by 632
How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition
Carruthers, P. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000545 · Cited by 610
Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001192 · Cited by 649
Disgust and the moralization of purity.
Horberg, E. J., Oveis, C., Keltner, D. J., & Cohen, A. B. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017423 · Cited by 620
Emotion and Rationality: A Critical Review and Interpretation of Empirical Evidence
Pham, M. T. (2007) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.155 · Cited by 552
Haidt, J. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00063.x · Cited by 585
Self-citationSchnall, S., Benton, J., & Harvey, S. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02227.x · Cited by 526
Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., Knobe, J., & Bloom, P. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0015960 · Cited by 466
Reflection and Reasoning in Moral Judgment
Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L. D. J., & Greene, J. D. (2011) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01210.x · Cited by 450
The emotional basis of moral judgments
PRINZ, J. J. (2006) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869790500492466 · Cited by 395
Schwitzgebel, E., & Cushman, F. A. (2012) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2012.01438.x · Cited by 405
The scaffolded mind: higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world.
Williams, L. E., Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.665 · Cited by 385
Beyond point-and-shoot morality: why cognitive (neuro)science matters for ethics
Greene, J. D. (2014) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/675875 · Cited by 375
Eskine, K. J., Kacinik, N. A., & PRINZ, J. J. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611398497 · Cited by 399
The role of emotion in moral psychology
Huebner, B., Dwyer, S., & HAUSER, M. D. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.09.006 · Cited by 380
Psychopaths know right from wrong but don’t care
Cima, M., Tonnaer, F., & Hauser, M. D. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp051 · Cited by 362
Clifford, S., Iyengar, V., Cabeza, R. E. L., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2 · Cited by 393
Social Intuitionists Answer Six Questions about Moral Psychology
(2007) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7573.003.0006 · Cited by 339
Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes
Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2015) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.967183 · Cited by 336
Things rank and gross in nature: A review and synthesis of moral disgust.
Chapman, H. A., & Anderson, A. K. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030964 · Cited by 344
Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022 · Cited by 340
Self-citationPsychological Aspects of Retributive Justice
Carlsmith, K. M., & Darley, J. M. (2008) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(07)00004-4 · Cited by 335
Whatever It Takes to Win: Rivalry Increases Unethical Behavior
Kilduff, G. J., Galinsky, A. D., Gallo, E., & Reade, J. J. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0545 · Cited by 328
The myth of harmless wrongs in moral cognition: Automatic dyadic completion from sin to suffering.
Gray, K. J., Schein, C., & Ward, A. F. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0036149 · Cited by 332
Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D., & Puvia, E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020 · Cited by 330
Failed attempts to help and harm: Intention versus outcome in preverbal infants’ social evaluations
Hamlin, J. K. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.004 · Cited by 305
A solution to the mysteries of morality.
DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029065 · Cited by 301
Does Incidental Disgust Amplify Moral Judgment? A Meta-Analytic Review of Experimental Evidence
Landy, J. F., & Goodwin, G. P. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615583128 · Cited by 300
Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2016) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.09.002 · Cited by 282
Low Levels of Empathic Concern Predict Utilitarian Moral Judgment
Gleichgerrcht, E. L., & Young, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060418 · Cited by 295
What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion
Hogan, P. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976773 · Cited by 258
The behavioral immune system: Current concerns and future directions
Ackerman, J. M., Hill, S. E., & Murray, D. R. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12371 · Cited by 268
Infection, Incest, and Iniquity: Investigating the Neural Correlates of Disgust and Morality
Borg, J. S., Lieberman, D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20109 · Cited by 267
Moral Conviction and Political Engagement
Skitka, L. J., & Bauman, C. W. (2008) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00611.x · Cited by 272
Chapman, H. A., & Anderson, A. K. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06369.x · Cited by 271
Mullen, E., & Skitka, L. J. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.629 · Cited by 249
Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.863 · Cited by 265
When ignorance is no excuse: Different roles for intent across moral domains
Young, L., & Saxe, R. R. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.04.005 · Cited by 250
Where in the brain is morality? Everywhere and maybe nowhere
Young, L., & Dungan, J. A. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.569146 · Cited by 250
Malle, B. F. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-072220-104358 · Cited by 254
Russell, P. S., & Giner‐Sorolla, R. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029319 · Cited by 244
Doris, J. M., & The Moral Psychology Research Group (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582143.001.0001 · Cited by 227
A clean self can render harsh moral judgment
Zhong, C., Strejcek, B., & Sivanathan, N. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.003 · Cited by 238
Damage to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Judgment of Harmful Intent
Young, L., Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damásio, H., HAUSER, M. D., & Damásio, A. R. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.003 · Cited by 239
Anger, disgust, and presumption of harm as reactions to taboo-breaking behaviors.
Gutierrez, R. G., & Giner‐Sorolla, R. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.853 · Cited by 235
Schein, C., & Gray, K. J. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215591501 · Cited by 238
Disgusting smells cause decreased liking of gay men.
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023984 · Cited by 225
Moral Reasoning: Hints and Allegations
Paxton, J. M., & Greene, J. D. (2010) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01096.x · Cited by 218
The Ethical Dangers of Deliberative Decision Making
Zhong, C. (2011) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2011.56.1.001 · Cited by 216
Biasing moral decisions by exploiting the dynamics of eye gaze
Pärnamets, P., Johansson, P., Hall, L., Balkenius, C., Spivey, M. J., & Richardson, D. C. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1415250112 · Cited by 230
The motivated use of moral principles
Uhlmann, E. L., Pizarro, D. A., Tannenbaum, D., & Ditto, P. H. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004022 · Cited by 212
Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21st Century
Levy, N. L. (2007) · Cited by 204
Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain
Jones, A., & Fitness, J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013435 · Cited by 203
A Constructionist Review of Morality and Emotions
Cameron, C. D., Lindquist, K. A., & Gray, K. J. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314566683 · Cited by 220
Dirty liberals! Reminders of physical cleanliness influence moral and political attitudes
Helzer, E. G., & Pizarro, D. A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611402514 · Cited by 201
Moral psychology for the twenty-first century
Haidt, J. (2013) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2013.817327 · Cited by 221
Self-citationChapter 10 Motivated Moral Reasoning
Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., & Tannenbaum, D. (2009) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)00410-6 · Cited by 208
Evolutionary theory and psychopathy
Glenn, A. L., Kurzban, R., & Raine, A. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.009 · Cited by 206
How the Object of Affect Guides its Impact
Clore, G. L., & Huntsinger, J. R. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073908097185 · Cited by 200
Hypnosis and top-down regulation of consciousness
Terhune, D. B., Cleeremans, A., Raz, A., & Lynn, S. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.002 · Cited by 183
The Social and Political Implications of Moral Conviction
Skitka, L. J., & Morgan, G. S. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12166 · Cited by 209
Patterns of Moral Judgment Derive From Nonmoral Psychological Representations
Cushman, F., & Young, L. (2011) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01167.x · Cited by 179
The role of emotions for moral judgments depends on the type of emotion and moral scenario.
Ugazio, G., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024611 · Cited by 185
Young, L., & Koenigs, M. R. (2007) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldm031 · Cited by 182
Pizarro, D. A., Inbar, Y., & Helion, C. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402394 · Cited by 169
Zhong, C., Ku, G., Lount, R. B., & Murnighan, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0161-6 · Cited by 176
Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Process Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work
Moore, C., & Gino, F. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2015.1011522 · Cited by 176
Wright, J. C., Cullum, J., & Schwab, N. G. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208322557 · Cited by 179
Disgust selectively modulates reciprocal fairness in economic interactions.
Moretti, L., & di Pellegrino, G. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017826 · Cited by 173
Parkinson, C. M., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P., Koralus, P., Mendelovici, A., McGeer, V., & Wheatley, T. P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00017 · Cited by 168
Self-citationThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment
Greene, J. D. (2009) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8029.003.0086 · Cited by 164
Intermediation Reduces Punishment (and Reward)
Coffman, L. C. (2011) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.3.4.77 · Cited by 163
Keltner, D. J., & Lerner, J. S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001009 · Cited by 164
Transgressions and Expressions
Cannon, P. R., Schnall, S., & White, M. P. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610390525 · Cited by 168
Colston, H. L. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316226414 · Cited by 157
How power influences moral thinking.
Lammers, J., & Stapel, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015437 · Cited by 157
The psychology of moral reasoning
Bucciarelli, M., Khemlani, S., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2008) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001479 · Cited by 147
Campbell, R., & Kumar, V. (2012) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/663980 · Cited by 140
Just Feelings? The Role of Affect in the Formation of Organizational Fairness Judgments
Barsky, A. P., Kaplan, S. A., & Beal, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310376325 · Cited by 149
Pitesa, M., & Thau, S. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0891 · Cited by 156
Miller, R. M., Hannikainen, I. R., & Cushman, F. A. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035361 · Cited by 147
Avramova, Y. R., & Inbar, Y. (2013) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1216 · Cited by 153
Metadata
- Authors
- Wheatley, T., & Haidt, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 780-784
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2129270050
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 8.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (1r03da012606-01)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1-RO3-DA12606-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Keywords
- disgust, moral judgment, posthypnotic suggestion, hypnotic susceptibility, moral intuitions, emotional processing, moral transgression, emotions and morality
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Female, Humans, Hypnosis, Judgment, Male, Morals, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review