Disgust: evolved function and structure
Abstract
Interest in and research on disgust has surged over the past few decades. The field, however, still lacks a coherent theoretical framework for understanding the evolved function or functions of disgust. Here we present such a framework, emphasizing 2 levels of analysis: that of evolved function and that of information processing. Although there is widespread agreement that disgust evolved to motivate the avoidance of contact with disease-causing organisms, there is no consensus about the functions disgust serves when evoked by acts unrelated to pathogen avoidance. Here we suggest that in addition to motivating pathogen avoidance, disgust evolved to regulate decisions in the domains of mate choice and morality. For each proposed evolved function, we posit distinct information processing systems that integrate function-relevant information and account for the trade-offs required of each disgust system. By refocusing the discussion of disgust on computational mechanisms, we recast prior theorizing on disgust into a framework that can generate new lines of empirical and theoretical inquiry.
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Disgust also affects our moral judgment.
“Moreover, disgust also affects our moral judgment [38,40,42].”
From Fatal attraction: the intuitive appeal of GMO opposition (2015) · cites this paper as [38]
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Evolution, Development, and the Emergence of Disgust
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Moral disciplining: The cognitive and evolutionary foundations of puritanical morality
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The pandemic exposes human nature: 10 evolutionary insights
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Why do people vary in disgust?
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Self-citationDisgust sensitivity is primarily associated with purity-based moral judgments.
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Explaining Public Support for Counterproductive Homelessness Policy: The Role of Disgust
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Biological Predispositions and Individual Differences in Human Attitudes Toward Animals
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An Adaptationist Framework for Personality Science
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Mating strategy, disgust, and food neophobia
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Disgust Sensitivity and Public Demand for Protection
Kam, C. D., & Estes, B. A. (2016) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/684611 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Aarøe, L., Osmundsen, M., & Petersen, M. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01038 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ectoparasite defence in humans: Relationships to pathogen avoidance and clinical implications
Kupfer, T. R., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0207 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Behavioral Immune Trade-Offs: Interpersonal Value Relaxes Social Pathogen Avoidance
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Fan, L., Kupfer, T. R., & de Vries, R. E. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620960011 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationCore disgust is attenuated by ingroup relations
Reicher, S. D., Templeton, A., Neville, F., Ferrari, L., & Drury, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1517027113 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Evolutionary Social Psychology
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Contempt and disgust: the emotions of disrespect
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Disgust versus Lust: Exploring the Interactions of Disgust and Fear with Sexual Arousal in Women
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What Makes Moral Disgust Special? An Integrative Functional Review
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Behavioral immune system methods: Surveying the present to shape the future.
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Emotion-color associations in the context of the face
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Cooperation and Trust Across Societies During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Adaptive memory: The mnemonic value of contamination
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The structure and function of pathogen disgust
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The quantitative genetics of disgust sensitivity.
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Self-citationKarinen, A. K., Molho, C., Kupfer, T. R., & Tybur, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103817 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSparks, A. M., Fessler, D. M. T., Chan, K. Q., Ashokkumar, A., & Holbrook, C. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000389 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Comparison of two measures for assessing the volume of food waste in Swiss households
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Evolutionary psychology in marketing: Deep, debated, but fancier with fieldwork
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Are the behavioral immune system and pathogen disgust identical?
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The multidimensional nature of food neophobia
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Self-citationDisgust sensitivity and the HEXACO model of personality
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Self-citationWhat is the expected human childhood? Insights from evolutionary anthropology
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Self-citationThe central role of disgust in disorders of food avoidance
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Lassitude: The emotion of being sick
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Mothers are less disgust sensitive than childless females
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Kinship, Cooperation, and the Evolution of Moral Systems
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Disgust in response to some arthropods aligns with disgust provoked by pathogens
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“Toxic Masculinity” in the age of #MeToo: ritual, morality and gender archetypes across cultures
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Adaptationism Carves Emotions at Their Functional Joints
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Disgust, Anxiety, and Political Learning in the Face of Threat
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- Authors
- Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Brandeis University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-84
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2143523401
- Semantic Scholar
- eb58d867cb60702f4e5ba988aeff27e895483d72
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 16.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- disgust, pathogen avoidance, mate choice, morality, information processing, computational model, evolutionary psychology
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Avoidance Learning, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychological Theory
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