Prejudice expectations moderate preconscious attention to cues that are threatening to social identity
Abstract
Two studies examined whether chronic and situational expectations about being stigmatized predict attention toward cues that are threatening to social identity. In Study 1, women's chronic expectations about experiencing sexism were positively associated with their attention toward subliminal cues threatening to their social identity. In Study 2, women were vigilant toward subliminal cues threatening to their social identity when the experimental situation conveyed that their gender was devalued, but not when the experimental situation promoted value and respect for their gender. Women were vigilant toward consciously presented cues threatening to their social identity regardless of the attitudes the experimental context conveyed toward their group. These studies have important theoretical and practical implications for understanding the psychological experience of possessing a devalued social identity.
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Exposure to chronically threatening environments can lead to enhanced vigilance to cues that signal threat.
“Exposure to chronically threatening environments can lead to an enhanced vigilance to cues that signal threat (Kaiser, Vick, & Major, 2006;Purdie-Vaughns, et al., 2008).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Kaiser, Vick, & Major, 2006
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- Authors
- Kaiser, C. R., Vick, S. B., & Major, B.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 332-338
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2156388933
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 18.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03mh071276-01, 5f32mh064308-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R03MH071276, 1F32MH64308)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- social identity threat, subliminal cues, stigma, sexism, gender identity, sustained attention, situational context
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Attitude, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Reaction Time, Social Identification, Unconscious, Psychology
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