A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males

Inzlicht, Michael; Ben-Zeev, Talia

doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00272

Cited by 835Social and Intergroup PsychologyEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessCareer Development and Diversity

A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males

Inzlicht, Michael, Ben-Zeev, Talia·2000·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/1467-9280.00272

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Abstract

Does placing females in environments in which they have contact with males cause deficits in their problem-solving performance? Is a situational cue, such as gender composition, sufficient for creating a threatening intellectual environment for females—an environment that elicits performance-impinging stereotypes? Two studies explored these questions. Participants completed a difficult math or verbal test in 3-person groups, each of which included 2 additional people of the same sex as the participant (same-sex condition) or of the opposite sex (minority condition). Female participants in the minority condition experienced performance deficits in the math test only, whereas males performed equally well on the math test in the two conditions. Further investigation showed that females' deficits were proportional to the number of males in their group. Even females who were placed in a mixed-sex majority condition (2 females and 1 male) experienced moderate but significant deficits. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of distinctiveness, stereotype threat, and tokenism.

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Substantial research has shown that stereotypes impair women's performance on STEM tasks from engineering to math.
“Substantial research has shown the role of stereotypes in impairing the performance of women on STEM tasks from engineering (Bell, Spencer, Iserman, & Logel, 2003;Logel, et al., 2009) to math (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000;Schmader, 2002;Spencer, et al., 1999).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000
Serving as the sole member of one's social group heightens the salience of social identities, and low demographic diversity results in stereotype threat effects for women.
“Serving as the sole member of one's social group heightens the salience of social identities, and this low demographic diversity has been shown to result in stereotype threat effects for women (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000;Sekaquaptewa & Thompson, 2003).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000

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Authors: Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Williams College
Corresponding author: Inzlicht, Michael
ORCID: Inzlicht, Michael
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
Pages: 365-371
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00272
OpenAlex: W2166870754
Cited by: 835
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 36.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
Keywords: stereotype threat, gender composition, mixed-sex groups, mathematics achievement, verbal performance, tokenism
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Cognition Disorders, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Prejudice, Problem Solving, Sex Factors, Task Performance and Analysis

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A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males

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