Identity, Belonging, and Achievement: A Model, Interventions, Implications

Cohen, Geoffrey L.; Garcia, Julio

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00607.x

Cited by 325Education, Achievement, and GiftednessSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCareer Development and Diversity

Identity, Belonging, and Achievement: A Model, Interventions, Implications

Cohen, Geoffrey L., Garcia, Julio·2008·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00607.x

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Abstract

In this article we discuss how social or group identities affect achievement. We also present a model of identity engagement that describes how a salient social identity can trigger psychological threat and belonging concerns and how these can produce persistent performance decrements, which through feedback loops can increase over time. The character of such processes may be revealed only over time because they are recursive in nature and interact with other factors in chronically evaluative social environments. Finally, we address how this model helped in the development of successful interventions.

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Being a member of a poorly performing minority caused those students to feel they did not belong in school, a consequence of social identity threat.
“This suggests that it was something about being a member of a poorly performing minority that caused those students to feel that they did not belong in school, a consequence of social identity threat (Cohen & Garcia, 2008) that is strongly associated with academic performance (Anderman, 2003;Easterbrook, Harris, & Sherman, 2020a;Roeser, Midgley, & Urdan, 1996).”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Cohen & Garcia, 2008
Internal psychological mechanisms through which social identity threat and identity incompatibility impede educational progress include reduced or insecure belonging, dampened motivation, increased anxiety, reduced working memory capacity, depleted cognitive resources, increased stress, defensive coping responses, and inhibited self-regulation.
“These include a reduced or insecure sense of belonging (Cohen & Garcia, 2008;Nieuwenhuis et al., 2019;Rosenthal, Levy, London, Lobel, & Bazile, 2013), dampened motivation (Thoman et al., 2013) and achievement goals (Smith, 2004), increased anxiety, reduced working memory capacity (Spencer et al., 2016), depleted cognitive resources (Lyons et al., 2018), increased stress, defensive coping responses”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Cohen & Garcia, 2008
But in contrast to the lab, in real-world academic and work settings, social identity threat is not acute but chronic.
“But in contrast to the lab, in real-world academic and work settings, social identity threat is not acute but chronic (Cohen & Garcia 2008, Garcia & Cohen 2012, Yeager & Walton 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Cohen & Garcia 2008
Stereotype threat can increase women's certainty that they do not belong and undermine their interest in the field.
“Stereotype threat can increase women's certainty that they do not belong and undermine their interest in the field (Cohen & Garcia, 2008;Walton & Cohen, 2007).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Cohen & Garcia, 2008

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Authors: Cohen, G. L., & Garcia, J.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Yale University (US)
Corresponding author: Cohen, Geoffrey L.
ORCID: Cohen, Geoffrey L.
Garcia, Julio
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2008-12
Volume: 17
Issue: 6
Pages: 365-369
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00607.x
OpenAlex: W1994932571
Cited by: 325
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 5.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
Keywords: social identity, group identity, achievement, psychological threat, sense of belonging, performance decrement, feedback loops

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Identity, Belonging, and Achievement: A Model, Interventions, Implications

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