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A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I: Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing
Open accessAbstract
The ageing process is noticeable within all organs of the body and manifests itself visibly in the skin. Skin ageing is influenced by several factors including genetics, environmental exposure, hormonal changes and metabolic processes. Together these factors lead to cumulative alterations of skin structure, function and appearance. The functioning of the central nervous, immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, as well as the skin is also impaired with age. Chronologically, aged skin is thin, relatively flattened, dry and unblemished, with some loss of elasticity and age-related loss of architectural regularity. General atrophy of the extracellular matrix is reflected by a decrease in the number of fibroblasts. Reduced levels of collagen and elastin, with impaired organization are primarily because of decreased protein synthesis affecting types I and III collagen in the dermis, with an increased breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins. Oxidative stress is considered of primary importance in driving the ageing process. The original free radical theory of ageing purported that the molecular basis of ageing was derived from a lifetime accumulation of oxidative damage to cells resulting from excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced as a consequence of aerobic metabolism. Although the skin possesses extremely efficient anti-oxidant activities, during ageing, ROS levels rise and anti-oxidant activities decline. The ROS are necessary in multiple MAP kinase pathways and the induction of AP-1, in turn, up-regulates expression of matrix-metalloproteinases providing a plausible mechanism for the increased collagen degradation in aged human skin.
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“Oxygen-free radicals are ubiquitous in the process of cell metabolism and can interact with DNA, proteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the body, causing breaks in the DNA chain and oxidative damage, protein–protein cross-linking, protein–DNA cross-linking, and lipid metabolism oxidation, etc.”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
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“According to free radical theory, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and inflammation are the primary causes of skin aging, disease, and dysfunction.”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Callaghan, T. M., & Wilhelm, K. ‐.
- Affiliations
- Proderm (Germany) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wilhelm, K.‐P.
- ORCID
- Wilhelm, K.‐P.
- Venue
- International Journal of Cosmetic Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-09-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 313-322
- ISSN
- 0142-5463 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2494
- OpenAlex
- W1988332584
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Cosmetic Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Keywords
- skin aging, extracellular matrix, collagen degradation, elastin, fibroblasts, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, free radical theory of aging, antioxidant activity, matrix metalloproteinases, MAPK signaling, AP-1, dermis, skin atrophy
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Humans, Skin, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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