Cited by 1,595Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Emotion regulation and mental health

Gross, James J., Muñoz, Ricardo F.·1995·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Emotion And Adaptation
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
HOLLON, S. D., & BECK, A. T. (1979) · Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404480-7.50012-5 · Cited by 4,685
Handbook of Psychophysiology
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
Facial expression and emotion
Ekman, P. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.4.384 · Cited by 3,441
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
EKMAN, P., & FRIESEN, W. V. (1969) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49 · Cited by 3,316

Show all 80 references

Research works printed but not linked: 20

Bowlby, 1969, Attachment and loss
Campos, 1983, Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Infancy and developmental psychobiology, 783
Carstensen, 1987, Handbook of clinical gerontology, 222
Carstensen, 1993, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 209
Clarke, 1993, October, Prevention of depression in at-risk high school adolescents. A randomized trial of a cognitive therapy intervention
Cooper, 1991, The biochemical basis of neurophamacology
Davison, 1990, Abnormal psychology
Depression Guideline Panel, 1993, Depression in primary care: Vol. 2. Treatment of major depression
Ekman, 1984, Approaches to emotion, 319
Erikson, 1959, Psychological Issues
Frankl, 1963, Man's search for meaning
Gilmore, 1973, The counselor-in-training
Harris, 1989, Children and emotion
Hoschild, 1983, The managed heart
Levenson, 1994, The nature of emotion, 123
Miller, 1987, The socialization of anger and aggression, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 1
Rehm, 1987, Depression prevention: Research directions, 79
Saarni, 1992, Deception and lying in everyday life
Schoenborn, 1993, Advance data from vital and health statistics
Thompson, 1990, Socioemotional development. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 36, 367

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,004

A psychophysiological investigation of emotion regulation in chronic severe posttraumatic stress disorder
Woodward, S. H., Shurick, A. A., Alvarez, J., Kuo, J. R., Nonyieva, Y., Blechert, J., McRae, K., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12392 · Cited by 28
“The applicability of the theoretical framework of emotion regulation to psychiatric disorders was recognized almost 2 decades ago (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Emotions and the big picture: The effects of construal level on emotional preferences
Schwartz, A., Eyal, T., & Tamir, M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.005 · Cited by 26
Perceived emotion regulation and emotional distress tolerance in patients with hoarding disorder
Worden, B. L., Levy, H. C., Das, A., Katz, B. W., Stevens, M. C. G., & Tolin, D. F. (2019) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.100441 · Cited by 27
Cognitive emotion regulation and personality: an analysis of individual differences in the neural and behavioral correlates of successful reappraisal
Scheffel, C., Diers, K., Schönfeld, S., Brocke, B., Strobel, A., & Dörfel, D. (2019) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2019.11 · Cited by 24
“Deficits in emotion regulation may be associated with physical, as well as mental, health detriments (Davidson, Pizzagalli, Nitschke, & Putnam, 2002; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Johnstone & Walter, 2014; Kanske, Heissler, Schönfelder, & Wessa, 2012).”
Background
Mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between social anxiety and problematic internet use
Sertbaş, K., Çutuk, S., Soyer, F., Çutuk, Z. A., & AYDOĞAN, R. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi190730013s · Cited by 29
“Emotion regulation difficulties cause difficulties in maintaining existing relationships and communicating with new people (Gross & Munoz 1995).”
Background
Regulating negative emotions of others reduces own stress: Neurobiological correlates and the role of individual differences in empathy
Guendelman, S., Bayer, M., Prehn, K., & Dziobek, I. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119134 · Cited by 28
“cognitive perspective on the situation, that is, cognitive reappraisal (10,11), allows coping with and managing stress in diverse contexts.”
Background
Age‐Related Differences in Emotion Regulation within the Context of Sad and Happy TV Programs
Droulers, O., Lacoste‐Badie, S., & Malek, F. (2015) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20819 · Cited by 28
Mothers' affect dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and emotional availability during mother–infant interaction
Kim, B., Teti, D. M., & Cole, P. M. (2012) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21326 · Cited by 31
STAIR Narrative Therapy: A Skills Focused Approach to Trauma-Related Distress
Hassija, C. M., & Cloître, M. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400511666150629105544 · Cited by 29
Mind the Teachers! The Impact of Mindfulness Training on Self-Regulation and Classroom Performance in a Sample of German School Teachers
Rupprecht, S., Paulus, P., & Walach, H. (2017) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.6.4.565 · Cited by 39
“Emotion regulation is the ability to show certain emotions and hide or regulate others (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Emotion Regulation and the Cognitive-Experimental Approach to Emotional Dysfunction
MacLeod, C., & Bucks, R. S. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380970 · Cited by 31
“…that some aspects of emotion regulation are antecedent-focused, exerting their influence sufficiently early to influence whether or not an emotion is generated, while other aspects are response-focused, moderating the emotional experience subsequent to its initial generation (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Effects of Humor on Intergroup Communication in Intractable Conflicts: Using Humor in an Intergroup Appeal Facilitates Stronger Agreement Between Groups and a Greater Willingness to Compromise
Nir, N., & Halperin, E. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12535 · Cited by 25
“Humor has a substantial role in emotion regulation, positive framing, information processing, personal well-being and even health (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Effect of Psychosocial Interventions on Children and Youth Emotion Regulation: A Meta-Analysis
Espenes, K., Tørmoen, A. J., Rognstad, K., Nilsen, W., Waaler, P. M., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Kjøbli, J. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01373-3 · Cited by 34
“Scholars have argued that emotion regulation is a core developmental aspect of human maturation (Cole et al., 2004) and is essential to the development of social competence, academic achievement, and psychological well-being (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 2010; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
On the Neural Mechanisms of Music Therapy in Mental Health Care: Literature Review and Clinical Implications
Legge, A. W. (2015) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miv025 · Cited by 31
Distinct neural engagement during implicit and explicit regulation of negative stimuli
Fitzgerald, J. M., Kinney, K. L., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.002 · Cited by 27
Strategy bias in the emotion regulation of high trait anxiety individuals: An investigation of underlying neural signatures using ERPs.
Pan, D., Wang, Y., & Li, X. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000471 · Cited by 25
Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation, and Female Sexual Pain: A Comparative Exploratory Analysis
Vasconcelos, P. A., Oliveira, C., & Nobre, P. J. (2019) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.11.266 · Cited by 25
The Late Positive Potential as a Reliable Neural Marker of Cognitive Reappraisal in Children and Youth: A Brief Review of the Research Literature
Kennedy, H., & Montreuil, T. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608522 · Cited by 26
“Emotion regulation (ER) is an important component of mental health (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
The costs of over-control in anorexia nervosa: evidence from fMRI and ecological momentary assessment
Pauligk, S., Seidel, M., Fürtjes, S., King, J. A., Geisler, D., Hellerhoff, I., Roessner, V., Schmidt, U. H., Goschke, T., Walter, H., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01405-8 · Cited by 28
Emotion regulation and tic disorders in children
Ruhrman, D., Mikulincer, M., Apter, A., Benaroya-Milshtein, N., & Steinberg, T. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01912-5 · Cited by 26
“Difficulties in emotion regulation underlie many different psychopathological conditions [33, 38], and there is extensive evidence on how impairment in these regulatory processes is related to brain function [39].”
Background
Emotional Dysregulation and Risky Sex Among Incarcerated Women with a History of Interpersonal Violence
Kuo, C., Johnson, J. E., Rosen, R. K., Wechsberg, W. M., Gobin, R. L., Reddy, M. K., Peabody, M. E., & Zlotnick, C. (2013) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2013.850143 · Cited by 27
The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and Lack of Emotional Approach Coping in Depressive Symptom Severity Among a Non‐Clinical Sample of Uncued Panickers
Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., & Lacroce, D. M. (2006) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070500466733 · Cited by 24
“Depression also has been conceptualized as a disorder of emotion dysregulation (Gross & Munoz, 1995), and empirical research supports this conceptualization (see Rottenberg & Gross, 2003; Rottenberg, Wilhelm, Gross, & Gotlib, 2003).”
Background
Why Try (Not) to Cry: Intra- and Inter-Personal Motives for Crying Regulation
Simons, G., Bruder, M., van der Löwe, I., & Parkinson, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00597 · Cited by 25
“Drawing in part on Bekker and Vingerhoets’ (2001) adaptation of the regulation model (Gross and Muñoz, 1995), we propose that the extent to which crying is regulated and which strategy is selected to regulate it depend on the perceived effects of crying and regulation of crying, the salience of particular relational g…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Reasons, Years and Frequency of Yoga Practice: Effect on Emotion Response Reactivity
Mocanu, E., Möhr, C., Pouyan, N., Thuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00264 · Cited by 35
“their emotions, which in itself is a key ability to promote health (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Smyth and Arigo, 2009; Hopp et al., 2011; DeSteno et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2014).”
Background
Early Childhood Self-Regulation in Context: Parental and Familial Environmental Influences
Kiss, M., Fechete, G. L., Pop, M., & Susa, G. (2014) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 25
Diagnostik von Ressourcen im Alter
Forstmeier, S., Uhlendorff, H., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2005) · Zeitschrift für Gerontopsychologie & -psychiatrie · doi:10.1024/1011-6877.18.4.227 · Cited by 25
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire
Fujisato, H., Ito, M., Takebayashi, Y., Hosogoshi, H., Kato, N., Nakajima, S., Miyamae, M., Oe, Y., Usami, S., Kanie, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.064 · Cited by 23
Mobile Phone Addiction and Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation
Li, G., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030250 · Cited by 29
“It directly affects the physiological, experiential or behavioral reaction of emotion in the later stage of emotion occurrence [37].”
Background
Evaluation of a text-message-based maintenance intervention for Major Depressive Disorder after inpatient cognitive behavioral therapy
Schlicker, S., Ebert, D. D., Middendorf, T., Titzler, I., & Berking, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.047 · Cited by 25
Relationship between emotion regulation, negative affect, gender and delay discounting
Malesza, M. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00366-y · Cited by 24
“The use of suppression reduces the outward expression of emotions in the short term, but is less effective in reducing emotions in the long term and is, therefore, considered a maladaptive emotion-regulation strategy (Gross and Muñoz 1995).”
Background
Emotion regulation questionnaire-adapted and individual differences in emotion regulation
Seixas, R., Pignault, A., & Houssemand, C. (2021) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.2755 · Cited by 29
“…studied research domain, with numerous studies attesting to its importance for human adaptation, and its implications for people’s lives (Gross, 2002, 2015; Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; John & Gross, 2004; Mikolajczak, Tran, Brotheridge, & Gross, 2009; Snyder, Simpson, & Hughes, 2006).”
Background
Selective suppression of rapid eye movement sleep increases next-day negative affect and amygdala responses to social exclusion
Glosemeyer, R. W., Diekelmann, S., Cassel, W., Kesper, K., Koehler, U., Westermann, S., Steffen, A., Borgwardt, S., Wilhelm, I., Müller‐Pinzler, L., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74169-8 · Cited by 27
The Roles of Affect Dysregulation and Deficient Affect in Youth Violence
Penney, S. R., & Moretti, M. M. (2010) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854810365446 · Cited by 26
Validating a New Measure of Self-Complexity
Luo, W., Watkins, D., & Lam, R. Y. H. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890902936223 · Cited by 26
“Under chronically stressful conditions, without the protection of enough positive affect, intense and prolonged negative affect may finally overwhelm the regulatory function of emotion and result in clinical depression (eg, Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000 ; Gross & Munoz, 1995 ).”
The temporal and spatial brain dynamics of automatic emotion regulation in children
Urbain, C. M., Sato, J., Pang, E. W., & Taylor, M. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.05.004 · Cited by 24
“For instance, by efficiently offsetting the impact of unwanted or negative emotional responses without drawing on limited attentional resources, the AER crucially contributes to resilience to stressful life events and to personal growth (Bonanno, 2004; Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Moore et al., 2008).”
Disrupted engagement of networks supporting hot and cold cognition in remitted major depressive disorder
Stange, J. P., Jenkins, L. M., Hamlat, E. J., Bessette, K. L., DelDonno, S. R., Kling, L. R., Passarotti, A. M., Phan, K. L., Klumpp, H., Ryan, K. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.018 · Cited by 24
Mental health problems in alexithymia: Role of positive and negative emotional experiences.
Dubey, A., & Pandey, R. (2013) · Cited by 24
Childhood psychological maltreatment and adolescent depressive symptoms: Exploring the role of social anxiety and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies
Wang, Z., Liu, C.-Y., Wang, Y.-M., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.046 · Cited by 28
Worry about the Future in the Climate Change Emergency: A Mediation Analysis of the Role of Eco-Anxiety and Emotion Regulation
Orrù, L., Taccini, F., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14030255 · Cited by 23
“In general, according to some authors [25,26], emotion regulation has become increasingly important in psychological health studies, so much so that it has been conceptualized as an essential characteristic of good functioning [27].”
Background
Brain oscillations during emotion regulation and the two-dimensional model of adult attachment
Domic‐Siede, M., Sánchez‐Corzo, A., & Guzmán‐González, M. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108793 · Cited by 23
“It highlights the significance of awareness, understanding, and acceptance of emotions, along with the capability to act in alignment with goals, despite emotional states (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Hayes et al., 1996).”
Brain Functional Basis of Subjective Well-being During Negative Facial Emotion Processing Task-Based fMRI
Ren, Z., Shi, L., Wei, D., & Qiu, J. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.017 · Cited by 23
Coping Strategies Regarding Coastal Flooding Risk in a Context of Climate Change in a French Caribbean Island
Navarro, Ó., Krien, N., Rommel, D., Deledalle, A., Lemèe, C., Coquet, M., Mercier, D., & Fleury‐Bahi, G. (2020) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916520916253 · Cited by 23
“…regulation consists of modulating emotional experiences without eliminating them (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Kaufman et al., 2015), which supposes a monitoring and assessment of the latter, in a sort of awareness of the emotional state (Delelis et al., 2011; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Gross & Thompson, 2007).”
Background
Emotion Regulation with Parents and Friends and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior
Lindsey, E. W. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8040299 · Cited by 30
“One functional domain identified by researchers as being central to psychopathology is emotion regulation [10,11].”
BackgroundResult
Depression, anxiety, insomnia, stress, and the way of coping emotions as risk factors for ischemic stroke and their influence on stroke severity: A case–control study in Lebanon
Maalouf, E., Hallit, S. R., Salameh, P., & Hosseini, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1097873 · Cited by 24
“Adopting CR to manage emotions was therefore connected with stronger affective, social functioning, and well-being patterns than ES (13), which was linked to psychopathology, social dysfunction, and depression (48).”
An Investigation of the Mediating Roles of Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Distress Tolerance, Self-Compassion, and Self-Disgust in the Association Between Childhood Trauma and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Erol, Y., & İnözü, M. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2237083 · Cited by 33
“If emotion regulation ability, developing and changing from childhood to adulthood (Gross & Mu ~ noz, 1995), has not developed functionally and adaptively, some dysfunctional and maladaptive methods might be used to regulate emotions (Niedenthal & Ric, 2017), such as NSSI.”
Three Views of Emotion Regulation and Health
Butler, E. A. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00372.x · Cited by 29
Automatic Evaluative Processes in Health Anxiety and Their Relations to Emotion Regulation
Jasper, F., & Witthöft, M. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9484-1 · Cited by 23
“…we primarily intend to focus on automatic evaluative processes and their relationship to questionnaire measures of enduring health anxiety, the research on emotion regulation should not be overlooked (e.g., Amstadter 2008; Cisler et al. 2010; Gross 1998; Gross and Muñoz 1995; Hofmann et al. 2012).”
Background
Objective Methods for Reliable Detection of Concealed Depression
Solomon, C., Valstar, M., Morriss, R. K., & Crowe, J. A. (2015) · Frontiers in ICT · doi:10.3389/fict.2015.00005 · Cited by 27
“Regulating emotion is necessary for social functioning, although the extent of regulation required varies between cultures (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Mayer and Salovey, 1995).”
Background
Practitioner Review: Dysphoria and its regulation in child and adolescent depression
Kovács, M., & Yaroslavsky, I. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12172 · Cited by 29
“…the center of normal and psychopathological functioning (Adrian, Zeman, & Veits, 2011; Dennis, 2010) and is reflected in the re-conceptualization of depression as a disorder that derives from impaired emotion regulation (e.g., Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Joormann & Gotlib, 2010; Tomarken & Keener, 1998).”
Background
Neural correlates and structural markers of emotion dysregulation in traumatized civilians
Powers, A. D., Stevens, J. S., van Rooij, S. J. H., Ely, T. D., Fani, N., Jovanović, T., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx005 · Cited by 24
“Difficulty with emotion regulation is a central component of many psychiatric disorders (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Aldao et al. , 2010).”
Background
Comparing motivational, self-regulatory and habitual processes in a computer-tailored physical activity intervention in hospital employees - protocol for the PATHS randomised controlled trial
Kwaśnicka, D., Vandelanotte, C., Rebar, A. L., Gardner, B., Short, C. E., Duncan, M. J., Crook, D., & Hagger, M. S. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4415-4 · Cited by 21
“BCTs used in the control group are: providing information about health consequences [49], providing information about social [50], environmental [51] and emotional consequences [52].”
New Perspectives on Emotional Processing in People with Symptomatic Huntington’s Disease: Impaired Emotion Regulation and Recognition of Emotional Body Language†
Zarotti, N., Fletcher, I. J., & Simpson, J. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acy085 · Cited by 23
Neural signatures of child cognitive emotion regulation are bolstered by parental social regulation in two cultures
Myruski, S., Birk, S. L., Karasawa, M., Kamikubo, A., Kazama, M., Hirabayashi, H., & Dennis‐Tiwary, T. A. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz070 · Cited by 23
Exploring Differences Among Video Gamers With and Without Depression: Contrasting Emotion Regulation and Mindfulness
Marchica, L. A., Mills, D. J., Keough, M. T., & Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0451 · Cited by 26
“16 Given that both ER and mindfulness are ﬂuid constructs that can be taught and enhanced, 17,18 the potential for using these constructs within intervention and prevention programs for depression and IGD is considerable.”
Resting State Cortico-Limbic Functional Connectivity and Dispositional Use of Emotion Regulation Strategies: A Replication and Extension Study
Dörfel, D., Gärtner, A., & Scheffel, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00128 · Cited by 23
“Being able to effectively regulate one’s emotional reactions is of crucial importance for appropriate social interactions and an essential feature of mental and physical health (Gross and Munoz, 1995; English et al., 2012; Kanske et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2014; Johnstone and Walter, 2014; Kret and Ploeger, 2015).”
Background
EMOTION MATTERS: EXPLORING THE EMOTIONAL LABOR OF TEACHING
Brown, E. L. (2011) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 22
‘I have a feeling I can’t speak to anybody’: A thematic analysis of communication perspectives in people with Huntington’s disease
Zarotti, N., Simpson, J., & Fletcher, I. J. (2017) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395317733793 · Cited by 23
A qualitative study of psychotherapists’ in-session tears.
Morgan, E., & Williams, E. N. (2020) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000298 · Cited by 22
Controversial issues in current definitions of mental health
CYRANKA, K. M. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/118064 · Cited by 22
Spiritual Leadership and Job Engagement: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation
Huang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844991 · Cited by 26
“Emotion regulation is the process of attempting to change the original emotional state when people change their cognition and behavior by assessing the needs of the situation, thus affecting emotional events, emotional intensity, emotional duration or emotional expression (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Gross and Thompson, 20…”
Background
How to Prevent Stress in the Workplace by Emotional Regulation? The Relationship Between Compulsory Citizen Behavior, Job Engagement, and Job Performance
Hung, T.-K., Wang, C., Tian, M., Lin, M., & Liu, W. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221105483 · Cited by 26
“The processes that change emotional states were referred to as emotional regulation (Gross & Muñoz, 1995), which is the abilities of an individual to respond appropriately to emotional expression and when an individuals’ emotion is disturbed, their attention, memory, social communication, and…”
Background
‘Feel like going crazy’: Mental health discourses in an online support group for mothers during COVID-19
Zayts‐Spence, O., Tse, V. W. S., & Fortune, Z. (2022) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265221116302 · Cited by 22
“This link, however, is well acknowledged in clinical research that maintains that regulation of emotional state has a direct impact on one’s mental health (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Perceived Quality of Life and Health Complaints in Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Grip, K. K., Almqvist, K., Axberg, U., & Broberg, A. G. (2014) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9622-5 · Cited by 22
Children's depressive symptoms and their regulation of negative affect in response to vignette depicted emotion-eliciting events
Reijntjes, A. H. A., Stegge, H., Terwogt, M. M., & Hurkens, E. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407073541 · Cited by 25
Socializing Positive Emotion: A Qualitative Study of African American Single Mothers and Their Adolescent Youth
McKee, L. G., Faro, A. L., O’Leary, J. L., Spratt, K. H., & Jones, D. J. (2015) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12160 · Cited by 26
Emotion Reactivity and Regulation in Adolescent Girls Following an Interpersonal Rejection
Miller, A. B., Prinstein, M. J., Munier, E., Machlin, L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01351 · Cited by 24
“…with emotion regulation are a transdiagnostic risk mechanism for psychopathology (Aldao, Gee, Reyes, & Seager, 2016; Eisenberg et al., 2001; Gross & Muñoz, 1995), and the ability to regulate emotional responses to interpersonal stressors is a fundamental skill that supports positive mental…”
Emotion regulation effectiveness accounts for the associations of self-reported emotion differentiation with well-being and depression
Ottenstein, C. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1691506 · Cited by 22
Anxiety Recognition of College Students Using a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang Fuzzy System Modeling Method and Deep Features
Meng, X., & Zhang, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3021092 · Cited by 25
Emotion Regulation, Peer Acceptance and Rejection, and Emotional–Behavioral Problems in School-Aged Children
Salerni, N., & Messetti, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12020159 · Cited by 34
“The relationship between emotion regulation and psychopathology also appears to be well established in the literature [44–46].”
I Am So Tired… How Fatigue May Exacerbate Stress Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach
Achnak, S., Griep, Y., & Vantilborgh, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00231 · Cited by 21
“As such, learning to apply adequate cognitive reappraisal strategies that allow effective down-regulation of negative emotions emerging from PC breach may serve as an important buffer against high stress (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Social support serves emotion regulation function in death anxiety among people living with HIV/AIDS
Chukwuorji, J. C., Uzuegbu, C. N., Chukwu, C. V., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Ugwu, C. (2019) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246319894700 · Cited by 22
“Extensive discussions on the concept and its development across the lifespan exist (Campos et al., 2004; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Yap et al., 2007).”
Background
Differences in Affective Dynamics Among Eating-Disorder Diagnostic Groups
Williams‐Kerver, G. A., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R. D., Cao, L., Smith, K. E., Engel, S. G., Crow, S. J., Peterson, C. B., Mitchell, J. E., & Grange, D. L. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620917196 · Cited by 23
“It has long been established that emotion regulation is central to the understanding of psychopathology (Gross & Jazaieri, 2014; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Sheppes, Suri, & Gross, 2015).”
Background
School adaptation and adolescent immigrant mental health: Mediation of positive academic emotions and conduct problems
Xie, L., Zou, W., & Wang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.967691 · Cited by 21
Decoding reappraisal and suppression from neural circuits: A combined supervised and unsupervised machine learning approach
Ghomroudi, P. A., Scaltritti, M., & Grecucci, A. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01076-6 · Cited by 22
“Evidence suggests that depression and anxiety (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Campbell-Sills et al., 2006; Grecucci et al., 2020), bipolar disorder (Johnson 2005; Lapomarda et al., 2021a, b), and substance abuse disorder (Sher et al., 2007) may all be the result of severe emotion dysregulation.”
Background
Sex differences in the indirect effects of cognitive processes on anxiety through emotion regulation difficulties
Bardeen, J. R., & Stevens, E. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.009 · Cited by 25
“…see Cisler, Olatunji, Feldner, & Forsyth, 2010), posttraumatic stress disorder (Bardeen, Kumpula, & Orcutt, 2013; Ehring & Quack, 2010), depression (Gross & Munoz, 1995), borderline personality disorder (Gratz, Rosenthal, Tull, Lejuez, & Gunderson, 2006), alcohol dependence (Berking et al., 2011),…”
Influence of Leaders’ Humor Styles on the Employees’ Job Related Affective Well-Being
Ünal, Z. M. (2014) · International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarafms/v4-i1/585 · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, sense of humor may be beneficial to mental health is by contributing to one’s ability to regulate or manage emotions, which is an essential aspect of mental health (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Motivated attention and family risk for depression: Neuronal generator patterns at scalp elicited by lateralized aversive pictures reveal blunted emotional responsivity
Jürgen Kayser, A., Tenke, C. E., Abraham, K. S., Alschuler, D. M., Alvarenga, J. E., Skipper, J., Warner, V., Bruder, G. E., & Weissman, M. M. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.007 · Cited by 21
Personality traits, difficulties in emotion regulation and academic satisfaction in a sample of argentine college students
Trógolo, M., & Medrano, L. A. (2012) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.734 · Cited by 23
“Trógolo & Medrano IJPR 5(2) 2012 PP. 30 - 39 Accumulate research indicates that emotion regulation abilities are central to mental health; they can either support or disrupt the capacity to work, relate to others and enjoy oneself (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Maternal emotion dysregulation is related to heightened mother–infant synchrony of facial affect
Lotzin, A., Schiborr, J., Barkmann, C., Romer, G., & Ramsauer, B. S. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000516 · Cited by 21
“Adaptive emotion regulation is associated with positive emotional experience (Gross & John, 2003), psychological health (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Hopp, Troy, & Mauss, 2011), and interpersonal functioning (Gross & John, 2003).”
Background
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Personality: Links to BIS/BAS Sensitivity and the Five Factor Model
Becker, S. P., Schmitt, A. P., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Epstein, J. N., & Burns, G. L. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.06.001 · Cited by 20
Socioaffective versus sociocognitive mental trainings differentially affect emotion regulation strategies
Hildebrandt, L. K., McCall, C., & Singer, T. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000518 · Cited by 20
Maternal emotion dysregulation, parenting stress, and child physiological anxiety during dark‐enhanced startle
Cao, M., Powers, A. D., Cross, D., Bradley, B., & Jovanović, T. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21574 · Cited by 20
“The role of emotion regulation in maintaining healthy psychological functioning has been well established (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
The Impact of an Integrated Gratitude Intervention on Positive Affect and Coping Resources
Klibert, J., Rochani, H. D., Samawi, H. M., LeLeux-LaBarge, K., & Ryan, R. G. (2019) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-019-00015-6 · Cited by 25
Externalizing behavior in healthy young adults is associated with lower cortisol responses to acute stress and altered neural activation in the dorsal striatum
Konzok, J., Henze, G., Peter, H. L., Giglberger, M., Bärtl, C., Massau, C., Kärgel, C., Schiffer, B., Eisenbarth, H., Wüst, S., et al. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13936 · Cited by 22
“The ability to react adequately to and cope with everyday emotion and stressful events has been considered one of the most relevant factors promoting mental health (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Dissociating the role of dACC and dlPFC for emotion appraisal and mood regulation using cathodal tDCS
Piretti, L., Pappaianni, E., Gobbo, S., Rumiati, R. I., Job, R., & Grecucci, A. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00952-3 · Cited by 20
“The way that they react has important consequences on both their mental and physical health (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Dadomo et al., 2018; Frederickson et al., 2018; Grecucci et al., 2017, 2019, 2020; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Kok et al., 2013; Pappaianni et al., 2020).”
Background
3-D Facial Expression Recognition via Attention-Based Multichannel Data Fusion Network
Gu, Y., Yan, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Z., & Ren, F. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3125972 · Cited by 20
Relationships Among Emotion Regulation, Financial Self-Efficacy, and Financial Management Behaviors of Couples
Kim, J., Falconier, M. K., & Conway, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-022-09827-2 · Cited by 20
“However, it is also suggested that emotion regulation is a fluid construct that is continuously evolving throughout development; it can be taught and enhanced within individuals (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Associating Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression With Psychopathological Symptoms
González‐Escamilla, G., Dörfel, D., Becke, M., Trefz, J., Bonanno, G. A., & Groppa, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.924305 · Cited by 27
Modeling the Factors Associated With Children's Mental Health Difficulties in Primary School: A Multilevel Study
Humphrey, N., & Wigelsworth, M. (2012) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2012.12087513 · Cited by 20
“…et al., 2005), motivation (e.g., Doll & Lyon, 1998), self-awareness (e.g., Posse, Hällström, & Backenroth-Ohsako, 2002), self-regulation (e.g., Gross & Muñoz, 1995), and social skills (e.g., Rae-Grant, Thomas, Offord, & Boyle, 1989) have been highlighted as protective factors for mental…”
Emotion dysregulation and autonomic responses to film, rumination, and body awareness: Extending psychophysiological research to a naturalistic clinical setting and a chemically dependent female sample
Crowell, S. E., Price, C. J., Puzia, M., Yaptangco, M., & Cheng, S. C. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12838 · Cited by 20
Using emotion regulation to cope with challenges: a study of Chinese students in the United Kingdom
Cheng, M., Friesen, A. P., & Adekola, O. A. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2018.1472744 · Cited by 20
“Antecedent-focused strategies are contrasted with response modulation strategies which occur late in the emotion-generative process, after the emotional responses are generated (Gross and Munoz 1995; Gross and Thompson 2007).”
Background
Clustering-Based Emotion Recognition Micro-Service Cloud Framework for Mobile Computing
Wang, P., Dong, L., Xu, Y., Liu, W., & Jing, N.-N. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2979898 · Cited by 20
Ecological momentary assessment and other digital technologies for capturing daily life in mental health
Verhagen, S. J. W., van Os, J., & Delespaul, P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822201-0.00017-4 · Cited by 20
Emotion Dysregulation as a Core Feature of Borderline Personality Disorder: Comparison of the Discriminatory Ability of Two Self-Rating Measures
Kröger, C. B., Vonau, M., Kliem, S., & Kosfelder, J. (2011) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000322806 · Cited by 24
“There is a growing consensus that emotion dysfunction is a core feature of BPD. Whereas several constructs (e.g., affective intensity and reactivity) may not be specific for BPD and occur in other mental disorders [”
Background
Emotional Expressiveness and Marital Adjustment in Ecuador
Ingoldsby, B. B., Horlacher, G., Schvaneveldt, P. L., & Matthews, M. (2005) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1300/j002v38n01_04 · Cited by 18
“Links between emotional expressiveness and cancer, heart disease, depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and other medical, mental, and social dysfunctions have been cited in general emotional expressiveness literature (Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; King & Emmons, 1990).”
Background
Social Perspective Taking
Roan, L., Strong, B. E., Foss, P., Yager, M., Gehlbach, H., & Metcalf, K. A. (2009) · doi:10.21236/ada509341 · Cited by 21
“The reaction to stimulus stage occurs when a certain emotion has already been triggered (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Examining Individual Differences in Wellbeing, Anxiety and Depression in Psoriasis Using a Clinically Modified Buddhist Psychological Model
Maddock, A., Hevey, D., D’Alton, P., & Kirby, B. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-019-09686-4 · Cited by 19
“The idea that being a more non-attached person is likely to lead to a person having improved wellbeing and mood is also supported by the theories of Gross and Muñoz (1995), Lazarus and Folkman (1984) and Weinstein et al.”
Result
Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments
Matko, K., Sedlmeier, P., & Bringmann, H. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811734 · Cited by 21
The German Version of the Generalized Expectancies for Negative Mood Regulation Scale
Backenstraß, M., Joest, K., Gehrig, N., Pfeiffer, N., Mearns, J., & Catanzaro, S. J. (2010) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000005 · Cited by 19
Perlukah Kesehatan Mental Remaja? Menyelisik Peranan Regulasi Emosi dan Dukungan Sosial Teman Sebaya Dalam Diri Remaja
Yunanto, T. A. R. (2019) · Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku · doi:10.25077/jip.2.2.75-88.2018 · Cited by 19

Authors: Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID: Gross, James J.
Muñoz, Ricardo F.
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-164
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
OpenAlex: W2033688243
Cited by: 1,595
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 10.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4042 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Emotion regulation and mental health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks