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Emotion regulation and mental health
Abstract
In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.
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“In this theoretical framework, emotion dysregulation has been consistently linked with interpersonal difficulties [7,8]”
From The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Understanding Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Prout, J. T., O'Rourke, F., Lane, T. J., & Kovács, M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.02.001 · Cited by 145
“Second, depressed adult women experience their own deficits in emotional reactivity and regulation (Bradley, 2000; Gilboa & Gotlib, 1997; Gross & Munoz, 1995), further contributing to potential difficulties in emotion-related parenting.”
BackgroundJaffe, M., Gullone, E., & Hughes, E. K. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.07.008 · Cited by 135
“This finding is consistent with the conceptualization of emotion dysregulation, which is thought to reflect states of rigidity, where one's affective response to environmental demands lacks breadth and flexibility (Cole et al., 1994; Gross & John, 2002; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
ResultMental fatigue impairs emotion regulation.
Grillon, C., Quispe-Escudero, D., Mathur, A., & Ernst, M. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000058 · Cited by 131
“Failure to regulate emotion can have dire consequences for mental and physical health (Fernandez and Turk, 1989; Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialThinking makes it so: A social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotion regulation.
Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · Cited by 128
Self-citationKostyrka‐Allchorne, K., Wass, S. V., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13144 · Cited by 145
“Emotions are responses elicited by salient events in ones’ environment, which trigger changes on a behavioural, experiential and physiological level (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
BackgroundBleil, M. E., Gianaros, P. J., Jennings, J. R., Flory, J. D., & Manuck, S. B. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31816baefa · Cited by 128
“Individuals who are better able to adapt their emotional responses to the situational demands of the environment may experience benefits socially (70) and in terms of their mental health (71).”
BackgroundAdult Crying: A Model and Review of the Literature
Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Cornelius, R. R., Heck, G. L. V., & Becht, M. C. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.4.354 · Cited by 128
Mauss, I. B., Evers, C., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205283841 · Cited by 184
“In addition to functioning in various domains of everyday life, emotion regulation has been related to psychological health outcomes such as depression or anxiety disorders (Chemtob, Novaco, Hamada, Gross, & Smith, 1997; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Morrow & NolenHoeksema, 1990).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMartini, T. S., Root, C. A., & Jenkins, J. M. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00281.x · Cited by 131
Bad and worse: neural systems underlying reappraisal of high- and low-intensity negative emotions
Silvers, J. A., Weber, J., Wager, T. D., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu043 · Cited by 143
“The example above raises an important question for the study of emotion regulation do the strategies that work for managing life’s annoyances also work for major emotional issues? Or put another way, does the way in which you regulate and how successful you are at regulating differ as a function of the intensity of th…”
BackgroundAffective Disturbance and Psychopathology: An Emotion Regulation Perspective
Jazaieri, H., Urry, H., & Gross, J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.030312 · Cited by 110
“This observation fits nicely with the idea that the regulation of emotions is an essential component to mental health (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFord, B. Q., Shallcross, A. J., Mauss, I. B., Floerke, V. A., & Gruber, J. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.10.890 · Cited by 125
“Procedure—Participants were recruited for a study on mood and emotion.”
Emotion Regulation Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders
Mennin, D. S. (2006) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-006-9012-2 · Cited by 134
“In addition, the manner in which individuals are able to manage emotional experience to conform adaptively to a given context also appears to be important to mental health (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundPisaniello, S. L., Winefield, H. R., & Delfabbro, P. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.015 · Cited by 132
“This may include masking or hiding feelings (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Hochschild, 1983).”
BackgroundCognitive emotion regulation, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Bruggink, A., Huisman, S., Vuijk, R., Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.003 · Cited by 125
The Emotion Regulation Index for Children and Adolescents (ERICA): A Psychometric Investigation
MacDermott, S., Gullone, E., Allen, J., King, N., & Tonge, B. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9154-0 · Cited by 143
“Such a measure will enable much needed research into ER during these periods which mark critical turning points in development (Cole et al. 1994; Gross and Munroz 1995; Silk et al. 2003).”
BackgroundCrying threshold and intensity in major depressive disorder
Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., Wilhelm, F. H., Najmi, S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.302 · Cited by 122
“This film has been used previously and is known to elicit strong reports of sadness (e.g., Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998, see Gross & Levenson, 1995, for published validation data).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRadkovsky, A., McArdle, J. J., Bockting, C. L. H., & Berking, M. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035828 · Cited by 115
Park, C. L., Edmondson, D. E., & Lee, J. K. (2011) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-011-9133-z · Cited by 121
Neuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral and nonmoral emotion regulation
Harenski, C. L., Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. B. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.1.1 · Cited by 131
“The ability to process and respond adaptively to emotion-inducing events and to appropriately integrate emotional experiences into daily life is of considerable importance for mental health and well-being (Baumeister & Exline, 2000; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Salovey, Hsee, & Mayer, 1993).”
BackgroundMak, W. W., Tong, A. C., Yip, S. Y., Lui, W. W., Chio, F. H., Chan, A. T., & Wong, C. C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.8597 · Cited by 123
“The cognitive behavioral approach can modify ones’ emotion regulation, reduce psychological distress, and promote mental health by changing the cognitive appraisal process and the mood-related behaviors of the individuals [15].”
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1012045 · Cited by 118
Kassel, J. D., Bornovalova, M., & Mehta, N. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.014 · Cited by 117
Michael Vanderlind, W., Beevers, C. G., Sherman, S. M., Trujillo, L. T., McGeary, J. E., Matthews, M. D., Todd Maddox, W., & Schnyer, D. M. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.006 · Cited by 117
Burr, D. A., Castrellon, J. J., Zald, D. H., & Samanez-Larkin, G. R. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000734 · Cited by 132
Sheeber, L., Allen, N. B., Davis, B., & Sorensen, E. K. (2000) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005135706799 · Cited by 114
“That is, their parents and other adults do less of the work for them as they develop the necessary motor and cognitive skills, and over time, develop increasingly sophisticated approaches for managing their own affect (see Cole & Kaslow, 1988; Gross & Munoz, 1995 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialMiranda, R., Tsypes, A., Gallagher, M., & Rajappa, K. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9524-5 · Cited by 113
“This contemporary definition involves both cognitive appraisals and behavioral responses (Gross and Muñoz 1995), and Gratz and Roemer (2004) have suggested a conceptualization of emotion regulation that accounts for these features.”
BackgroundDan‐Glauser, E., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x · Cited by 113
“Given the crucial role that emotions play in healthy adaptation (Gross & Muñoz, 1995), it is important to know what early effects different forms of emotion regulation have on the response trajectory of emotions.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAmone-P'Olak, K., Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.05.004 · Cited by 117
Yap, M. B. H., Schwartz, O. S., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00665.x · Cited by 112
Cohn, A. M., Jakupcak, M., Seibert, L. A., Hildebrandt, T., & Zeichner, A. (2010) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0018090 · Cited by 112
Toward a Phenomenology of Mindfulness: Subjective Experience and Emotional Correlates
Brown, K. W., & Cordon, S. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_5 · Cited by 119
“This is most frequently the case for unpleasant emotions, and the regulation of negative emotional states is important to mental health (Barrett, Gross, Christensen, & Benvenuto, 2001; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Ryan, 2005).”
BackgroundAbravanel, B. T., & Sinha, R. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.012 · Cited by 109
“Depression, which has been conceptualized as a “distress disorder,” (Watson, 2005) is widely regarded as a consequence of affective dysregulation (Campbell-Sills and Barlow, 2007; Gross and Munoz, 1995; Mennin et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Alcohol Dependence
Petit, G., Luminet, O., Maurage, F., Tecco, J. M., Lechantre, S., Ferauge, M., Gross, J. J., & de Timary, P. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12914 · Cited by 124
Self-citationLozano-Peña, G., Sáez-Delgado, F., López-Angulo, Y., & Mella-Norambuena, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132112142 · Cited by 182
“This is an elaboration of the two-way distinction be-tween antecedent-centered emotion regulation, a pre-emotion process, and responsecentered emotion regulation, a process that occurs after the emotion is generated [63,66].”
BackgroundSchneider, R. L., Arch, J. J., Landy, L. N., & Hankin, B. L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1157757 · Cited by 129
“This dysregulation can begin early in life, affecting the psychosocial functioning and mental health of children and adolescents (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Suveg, Southam-Gerow, Goodman, & Kendall, 2007).”
BackgroundWestphal, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.54.03wes · Cited by 109
Emotion regulation deficits in regular marijuana users
Zimmermann, K., Walz, C., Derckx, R. T., Kendrick, K. M., Weber, B., Doré, B., Ochsner, K. N., Hurlemann, R., & Becker, B. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23671 · Cited by 108
Visted, E., Sørensen, L., Osnes, B., Svendsen, J. L., Binder, P., & Schanche, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00328 · Cited by 105
“Emotion regulation is now considered to play a central role in psychological health and well-being, and has been proposed as a transdiagnostic factor in mental health (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Fernandez et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Dissanayake, C., & Uljarević, M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3318-7 · Cited by 107
“2002; Gross and Muñoz 1995; Joormann and Gotlib 2010).”
Messina, I., Bianco, S., Sambin, M., & Viviani, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00956 · Cited by 108
Ford, B. Q., Karnilowicz, H. R., & Mauss, I. B. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000310 · Cited by 121
“…because emotion regulation strategies like reappraisal have been identified as critical in adjustment to life stress (e.g., Bonanno et al., 2004; Gross & Munoz, 1995), we tested whether the joint benefit of reappraisal attempts and success would be most prominent at higher (versus lower) levels…”
Emotions and the Development of Childhood Depression: Bridging the Gap
Cole, P. M., Luby, J. L., & Sullivan, M. W. (2008) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00056.x · Cited by 109
An exploration of emotion regulation in psychosis
Livingstone, K., Harper, S., & Gillanders, D. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.635 · Cited by 103
“Gross and Munoz (1995) take a different approach to understanding emotion regulation processes and focus on the stage in the emotion generation process at which regulation strategies are employed.”
BackgroundVagal rebound during resolution of tearful crying among depressed and nondepressed individuals
Rottenberg, J., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00001 · Cited by 151
Self-citationEmotion regulation, risk, and psychopathology
Cole, P. M., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02180.x · Cited by 101
Price, C. J., Thompson, E. A., Crowell, S. E., Pike, K., Cheng, S. C., Parent, S., & Hooven, C. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2018.1488335 · Cited by 94
“, BA, BS) 4 (5) 2 (4) 7 (10) 13 (7) Monthly income No monthly income 42 (57) 25 (54) 28 (42) 95 (51) Less than $200 4 (5) 7 (15) 7 (10) 18 (10) Between $200 and $1000 18 (24) 11 (24) 22 (33) 51 (27) $1000 or more 9 (12) 3 (7) 9 (13) 21 (11) Children under 18 years of age 42 (57) 31 (67) 51 (76) 124 (68) Marital status…”
Mangaroska, K., Sharma, K., Gašević, D., & Giannakos, M. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12590 · Cited by 100
Flannery, A. J., Becker, S. P., & Luebbe, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714527794 · Cited by 99
“…symptoms are themselves linked to problems with experienced emotions as well as cognitive and behavioral regulation of negative emotions (Erk et al., 2010; Gross, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2005; SaltersPedneault, Roemer, Tull, Rucker, & Mennin, 2006).”
BackgroundDavis, H. A., DiStefano, C., & Schutz, P. A. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013096 · Cited by 111
Enhanced Anger Reactivity and Reduced Distress Tolerance in Major Depressive Disorder
Ellis, A. J., Vanderlind, W. M., & Beevers, C. G. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9494-z · Cited by 99
Kovacs (1997) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01513.x · Cited by 99
Effects of Emotion Regulation Difficulties on the Tonic and Phasic Cardiac Autonomic Response
Berna, G., Ott, L., & Nandrino, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102971 · Cited by 114
Mazursky-Horowitz, H., Felton, J. W., MacPherson, L., Ehrlich, K. B., Cassidy, J. A., Lejuez, C. W., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9894-5 · Cited by 97
“The CAARS has been shown to have excellent psychometric properties and validated age- and gender-based norms, including excellent test-retest reliability and moderate convergent validity with the Wender Utah Rating Scale (Erhardt, Epstein, Conners, Parker, and Sitarenios 1999) and adequate…”
Adult attachment style and anxiety – The mediating role of emotion regulation
Nielsen, S. K. K., Lønfeldt, N. N., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Hageman, I., Vangkilde, S., & Daniel, S. I. F. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.047 · Cited by 100
Van Rheenen, T. E., & Rossell, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.043 · Cited by 96
“This is consistent with the conceptualisation of emotion regulation as a bio-behavioural process involved in the experience and modulation of mood related arousal (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
MethodRudkin, E., Medvedev, O. N., & Siegert, R. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0766-2 · Cited by 96
The Appraisal Bias Model of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression
Méhu, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915575406 · Cited by 106
Is Emotional Suppression Always Bad? A Matter of Flexibility and Gender Differences
Rogier, G., Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9623-7 · Cited by 117
“Indeed, an inability to cope with negative emotions is considered a central feature of depression and anxiety (Aldao et al. 2010; Gross and Muñoz 1995).”
BackgroundRespiratory sinus arrhythmia as a predictor of outcome in major depressive disorder
Rottenberg, J., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00406-2 · Cited by 118
“PI I : S0165-0327( 01 )00406-2 ˜regulation (Barlow, 1988; Gross and Munoz, 1995). amining the association between RSA and depresOne physiological parameter that has been linked to sion, but they, too, have yielded inconsistent findemotion regulation is respiratory sinus arrhythmia ings.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCapacity and tendency: A neuroscientific framework for the study of emotion regulation
Silvers, J. A., & Moreira, J. F. G. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.017 · Cited by 101
“Though emotions are generally adaptive, they can lead to mental and physical health problems if left unchecked [9,38,44,51,53,99].”
BackgroundMindfulness, psychological flexibility and emotional schemas
Silberstein, L. R., Tirch, D., Leahy, R. L., & McGinn, L. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.406 · Cited by 93
Fact or fiction? An event-related potential study of implicit emotion regulation
Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F. S., Machado‐Pinheiro, W., David, I. A., Cagy, M., Volchan, E., & Oliveira, L. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.008 · Cited by 102
The sociocultural context of emotion socialization in African American families
Labella, M. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.006 · Cited by 93
Tripp, J. C., McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Avery, M. L., & Bracken, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2015.1025013 · Cited by 103
“As psychopathology has been shown to be a risk factor for emotion dysregulation, individuals with PTSD may demonstrate poorer emotion regulation (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundReijntjes, A. H. A., Stegge, H., & Terwogt, M. M. (2006) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.435 · Cited by 89
“To the extent that children high in depressive symptoms are not capable of countering increases in depressed mood (i.e. sadness) by successful regulatory measures, their risk of developing clinical depression may be increased (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundKoval, P., Butler, E. A., Hollenstein, T., Lanteigne, D. M., & Kuppens, P. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.948388 · Cited by 112
The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: Implications for psychological health
Hopp, H., Troy, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.532606 · Cited by 105
“Numerous studies have established that emotion regulation is of crucial importance for psychological health (e.g., Garnefski et al., 2001; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Moore et al., 2008).”
InfluentialNeural Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Patients with Schizophrenia and Non-Affected Siblings
van der Meer, L., Swart, M., van der Velde, J., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., Wiersma, D., Bruggeman, R., & Aleman, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099667 · Cited by 91
Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Bernstein, A., McKee, L. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070903441630 · Cited by 90
“Achief gap in the existing literature centers on how mindfulness processes relate to emotional dysregulation (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Zvolensky, Feldner, Leen-Feldner, & Yartz, 2005).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Chronic Disease Populations: An Integrative Review
Wierenga, K. L., Lehto, R. H., & Given, B. A. (2017) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/1541-6577.31.3.247 · Cited by 108
“The recognition and understanding of the role of emotion regulation in illness management is essential to making gains in improving behavioral outcomes for patients with chronic illness (de Ridder et al., 2008; Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundLawrence, S. A., Troth, A. C., Jordan, P. J., & Collins, A. L. (2011) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2011)0000009010 · Cited by 100
A proposed new definition of mental health
Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2017) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/74145 · Cited by 90
Walsh, K., DiLillo, D., & Scalora, M. J. (2011) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801211414165 · Cited by 110
Neural representation of emotion regulation goals
Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Baudewig, J., Jacobs, A. M., & Heekeren, H. R. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23053 · Cited by 88
Toward Emotionally Adaptive Virtual Reality for Mental Health Applications
Badia, S. B. I., Quintero, L., Cameirão, M. S., Chirico, A., Triberti, S., Cipresso, P., & Gaggioli, A. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2018.2878846 · Cited by 89
“feature in the treatment of several psychological conditions [19].”
BackgroundDecoding subjective emotional arousal from EEG during an immersive virtual reality experience
Hofmann, S., Klotzsche, F., Mariola, A., Nikulin, V. V., Villringer, A., & Gaebler, M. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.64812 · Cited by 106
Samson, A. C., Huber, O., & Ruch, W. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1071-2 · Cited by 88
“There is evidence that individuals who are unable to regulate their emotions successfully are more prone to mental disorders (e.g., Gross and Munoz 1995; Gross 2007).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation difficulties in alexithymia and mental health
Pandey, R., Saxena, P., & Dubey, A. (2011) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v7i4.155 · Cited by 89
Pathological personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties
Pollock, N. C., McCabe, G. A., Southard, A. C., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.049 · Cited by 90
Clercq, D. D., Bouckenooghe, D., Raja, U., & Matsyborska, G. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1902-0 · Cited by 109
Specific emotion regulation impairments in major depression and anorexia nervosa
Brockmeyer, T., Bents, H., Holtforth, M. G., Pfeiffer, N., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.009 · Cited by 88
“Recent etiological models of mood and of eating disorders have attached great importance to deficits in ER (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Taylor et al., 1997; Campbell-Sills and Barlow, 2007; Kring and Sloan, 2010; Haynos and Fruzzetti, 2011), supporting the notion that ER deficits may be regarded as…”
BackgroundInfluentialModinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.030 · Cited by 87
“Over the past years, the implications of emotion regulation both at clinical and nonclinical levels have stimulated the search for its neural substrates (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundResultKimhy, D., Gill, K. E., Brucato, G., Vakhrusheva, J., Arndt, L. Y., Gross, J. J., & Girgis, R. R. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000490 · Cited by 87
“Among nonclinical populations, use of antecedent-focused strategies such as reappraisal has been associated with enhanced SF, greater expression of positive emotion, lower negative emotional experience and higher quality of life (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; John & Gross, 2004; Brackett & Salovey, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmotion Regulation and Intellectual Disability
McClure, K. S., Halpern, J., Wolper, P. A., & Donahue, J. J. (2009) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m28p01 · Cited by 86
“By viewing emotion regulation as a potential function of various clinical symptom presentations, many clinical features of psychopathology can be identified as maladaptive attempts at regulating emotions that are undesirable (Campbell-Sills & Barlow, 2007; Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundMood specific media use and emotion regulation: Patterns and individual differences
Greenwood, D., & Long, C. R. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.002 · Cited by 85
Relationships and Health: The Critical Role of Affective Science
Sbarra, D. A., & Coan, J. A. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917696584 · Cited by 96
“Appraisal processes are a critical component in intrapersonal emotion regulation (see J. J. Gross, 1998; J. J. Gross & Muñoz, 1995), and the extent to which we appraise our social standing as threatened or tenuous drives emotional response to solve these adaptive challenges.”
BackgroundDynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents
Sheeber, L. B., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., Davis, B., Shortt, J. W., & Katz, L. F. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02148.x · Cited by 83
A Brazilian Investigation of the 36- and 16-Item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales
Miguel, F. K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M. S., Zuanazzi, A. C., & Zennaro, A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22404 · Cited by 84
Responsivity to Offspring's Expression of Emotion Among Childhood-Onset Depressed Mothers
Shaw, D. S., Schonberg, M., Sherrill, J. T., Huffman, D., Lukon, J. L., Obrosky, D. S., & Kovács, M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3504_1 · Cited by 87
“However, for the purposes of this study ER is viewed as a biologically based reaction that coordinates biologically and psychologically adaptive responding to stimuli (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Thompson, 1994).”
Tian, F., Gao, P., Li, L., Zhang, W., Liang, H., Qian, Y., & Zhao, R. (2013) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2013.10.019 · Cited by 87
Forbes, E. E., Stepp, S. D., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Whalen, D. J., Axelson, D., Birmaher, B. B., & Silk, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0085 · Cited by 92
“Because depression is considered a disorder of affect regulation (Gross and Muñoz 1995; Forbes and Dahl 2005), variability in affective experience among youth with depression could be a particularly important factor to investigate in association with treatment response.”
BackgroundMindfulness practice for protecting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zhu, J. L., Schülke, R., Vatansever, D., Xi, D., Yan, J., Zhao, H., Xie, X., Feng, J., Chen, M. Y., Sahakian, B. J., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01459-8 · Cited by 83
Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., O’Shea, M., Parsia, P. D., Simmons, J. G., & Sheeber, L. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000787 · Cited by 83
“The ability to successfully regulate affective states is central to mental health, and emotion dysregulation figures prominently in mental illness (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundKiburz, K. M., Allen, T. D., & French, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2181 · Cited by 96
Shaw, Z. A., & Starr, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01534-1 · Cited by 111
“Research in families with depressed parents further suggests they experience deficits in ER that adversely influence parenting behaviors (Dix and Meunier 2009; Gross and Munoz 1995; Hops et al. 1987).”
BackgroundFu, L., Wang, P., Zhao, M., Xie, X., Chen, Y., Nie, J., & Lei, L. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104660 · Cited by 97
Dai, J., Sang, X., Menhas, R., Xu, X., Khurshid, S., Mahmood, S., Weng, Y., Huang, J., Cai, Y., Shahzad, B., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667461 · Cited by 87
“ER theories indicate that the ability to control one’s own emotions is necessary for psycho-social health (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundTombini, M., Assenza, G., Quintiliani, L., Ricci, L., Lanzone, J., Ulivi, M., & Lazzaro, V. D. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107073 · Cited by 84
Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Predicting Mental Health and W ell-being
Saxena, P., Dubey, A., & Pandey, R. (2011) · Cited by 81
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-164
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- OpenAlex
- W2033688243
- Cited by
- 1,595
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 10.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health
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