Cited by 1,595Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Emotion regulation and mental health

Gross, James J., Muñoz, Ricardo F.·1995·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x

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Abstract

In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.

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“By definition, emotion regulation is a set of cognitive processes that people use to monitor, evaluate, and control their emotions to meet the demands of their internal and external environments (Gross, 1998; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
The Role of Positive Personality Traits in Emotion Regulation of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Mazaheri, M., Nikneshan, S., Daghaghzadeh, H., & Afshar, H. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 10
Emotional Intelligence in Atypical Populations: Research and School-Based Interventions
Montgomery, J. M., McCrimmon, A. W., Climie, E. A., & Ward, M. A. (2018) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1_10 · Cited by 14
The establishment of Chinese Emotion Regulation Word System (CERWS) and its pilot test
Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Li, L., & Ru, Y. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00445 · Cited by 11
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy–Based Mobile Mental Well-being Program (Noom Mood): Single-Arm Prospective Cohort Study
McCallum, M., Ho, A. S., Mitchell, E. S., May, C. N., Behr, H., Ritschel, L. A., Mochrie, K. D., & Michaelides, A. P. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/36794 · Cited by 13
“Emotion dysregulation is hypothesized to underpin a wide range of psychological difficulties [81]; in fact, transdiagnostic interventions, such as DBT or the Unified Protocol [82], focus on emotion dysregulation as the primary treatment target.”
Background
Fluency generating emotion words correlates with verbal measures but not emotion regulation, alexithymia, or depressive symptoms.
Hegefeld, H., Satpute, A. B., Ochsner, K. N., Davidow, J. Y., & Nook, E. C. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001229 · Cited by 15
Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire: Deutsche Adaptation und Validierungsbefunde
Mohiyeddini, C., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924.54.3.117 · Cited by 5
“Um individuelle Differenzen im expressiven Verhalten zu begreifen, wurden verschiedene Modelle präsentiert (Ekman, 1972; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Levenson, 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Untitled work
(2014) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · Cited by 10
The Regulation of Emotion in Adolescence
Wang, J., Vujović, L., Barrett, K. C., & Lerner, R. M. (2015) · Advancing responsible adolescent development · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17166-1_3 · Cited by 13
Emotion Regulation and Economic Decision-Making
Heilman, R. M., Miu, A. C., & Houser, D. E. (2016) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35923-1_7 · Cited by 10
Duygular ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Arasındaki İlişkiler
Vatan, S. (2016) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.281117 · Cited by 15
Multiple domains of new mothers’ adaptation: Interrelations and roots in childhood maternal nonsupportive emotion socialization.
Cao, H., Zhou, N., Leerkes, E. M., & Qu, J. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000416 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, there is an ongoing debate on the temporal dynamics (i.e., directionality) of the association for each pair of the three adaptation domains (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Levenson, Haase, Bloch, Holley, & Seider, 2014).”
Evaluating emotion regulation processes of depression
Alsancak-Akbulut, C. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2018.24855 · Cited by 13
“Son dönemlerde, stabil olmayan duygudurumun ve duygu düzenlemedeki aksaklýklarýn birçok psikolojik bozukluðun oluþmasýnda ve süreklilik göstermesinde rol oynadýðý düþünülmektedir (19).”
Savoring as Mediator Between Irrational Beliefs, Depression, and Joy
Căzănescu, D. G., Tecuta, L., Nechita, D., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2018) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0304-8 · Cited by 10
Savoring the moment: A link between affectivity and depression
Kahrilas, I. J., Smith, J. L., Silton, R. L., & Bryant, F. B. (2020) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v10i2.779 · Cited by 12
“The connection between negative emotion regulation and depression is well established (Gross, 1998; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Joormann & Gotlib, 2010; Joormann & Vanderlind, 2014; NolenHoeksema et al., 1993).”
Background
Towards a model of arousal change after affective word pronunciation based on electrodermal activity and speech analysis
Marzi, C., Greco, A., Scilingo, E., & Vanello, N. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102517 · Cited by 9
A unified protocol for the group treatment of chilhood anxiety and depression = Protocolo unificado de grupo para el tratamiento de la ansiedad y la depresión en la infancia
Ehrenreich, J. T., Bilek, E. L., Queen, A. H., & Rodríguez, J. H. (2012) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11841 · Cited by 11
“Thus it was suggested that Alexa limit her GEE homework to pleasant or positive emotions, an experience that may occur rarely for individuals experiencing depression (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Discerning Thoughts From Feelings: The Cognitive-Affective Division in Eating Disorders
Jenkins, P. E., & O'Connor, H. (2012) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.654058 · Cited by 11
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIES FOR COGNITIVE REGULATION OF EMOTIONS AND SUICIDAL IDEATION
Hasani, J., & Mohammad, M. A. (2012) · Cited by 10
Emotion regulation in close relationships: Implications for social threat and its effects on immunological functioning.
Diamond, L. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13486-004 · Cited by 10
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with functional dyspepsia and healthy controls - A comparative study
Mazaheri, M., Afshar, H., Nikneshan, S., & Adibi, P. (2016) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/2277-9175.190937 · Cited by 8
“[8] Emotion regulation has been divided into two aspects, antecedent‐focused emotion regulation occurs before the emotion is generated, and response‐focused emotion regulation occurs after the emotion is generated.[6,9] Moreover, emotion regulation strategies have been classified as adaptive and maladaptive.”
Background
Adolescent Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Measure of Emotion Regulation for Adolescents
Kostiuk, L. M. (2011) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r38d0g · Cited by 10
A feasibility trial of an instructed breathing course in prison to improve emotion regulation in people with substance use difficulties
Brzozowski, A., White, R. G., Mitchell, I., Beech, A. R., & Gillespie, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2020.1859589 · Cited by 10
“Negative symptoms associated with substance abuse include an impaired ability to effectively regulate emotions (Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Martin & Dahlen, 2005; Sinha, 2008).”
Background
Emotional Dysregulation and Time Structure Mediate the Link between Perceived Stress and Insomnia among Unemployed Young People in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hua, Z., Ma, D., & Xia, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911883 · Cited by 9
“Emotional dysregulation is usually defined as difficulties and deficits in the self-regulation of emotions [38].”
Background
Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-short (CERQ-P-short): Reliability, validity, factor structure, treatment sensitivity, and measurement invariance
Hasani, J., Chashmi, S. J. E., Zakiniaeiz, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.011 · Cited by 9
Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial examining improvements in emotion regulation, defense mechanisms, quality of life, and IBS symptoms
Shafiei, F., Dehghani, M., Lavasani, F. F., Manouchehri, M., & Mokhtare, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1293150 · Cited by 9
“Research has identified adaptive ER as a protective factor against psychological problems, while ED is considered a vulnerability factor (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Gross and Jazaieri, 2014).”
Background
Evaluating the factor structure of the Dutch individual differences in language skills (IDLaS-NL) test battery
Hintz, F., Dijkhuis, M., Hoff, V. V. '., Huijsmans, M. K., Kievit, R., McQueen, J. M., & Meyer, A. S. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149502 · Cited by 10
“…paves the way for exploring potential relationships between language knowledge and skills and other aspects of cognition (e.g., emotion regulation, Gross & Mu ˜ noz, 1995; Thompson, 1994) and life outcomes, such as mental health and well-being, social competency and professional success (e.g.,…”
Childhood Personality Assessment Q-Sort (CPAP-Q): A Clinically and Empirically Procedure for Assessing Traits and Emerging Patterns of Personality in Childhood
Fortunato, A., Tanzilli, A., Lingiardi, V., & Speranza, A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126288 · Cited by 9
Are depressed patients’ coping strategies associated with psychotherapy treatment outcomes?
Tait, J., Edmeade, L., & Delgadillo, J. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12368 · Cited by 9
Liderazgo e inteligencia emocional: las emociones como parte relevante del negocio
Lotito, F. (2022) · RAN Revistas Academia y Negocios · doi:10.29393/ran8-2lifl10002 · Cited by 9
The Common and Different Neural Bases of Distraction and Reinterpretation: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies
Yl, L., Wang, X., Gui, S., Tong, F., Liu, Z., Yang, L., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2104107 · Cited by 10
Anger profiles among individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger: Associations with emotion regulation
Larsson, J., Bjureberg, J., & Hesser, H. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2821 · Cited by 9
Exploring The Moderating Effect of Spiritual Resilience on The Relationship between Psychological Resilience and Mental Health
GÜLDAŞ, F. Z., & KARSLI, F. (2023) · Spiritual Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.37898/spiritualpc.1344542 · Cited by 10
Emotionsregulation: Überblick und kritische Reflexion des aktuellen Forschungsstandes
Heber, E., Lehr, D., Riper, H. M., & Berking, M. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000265 · Cited by 10
Altered engagement of autobiographical memory networks in adult offspring of postnatally depressed mothers
Macdonald, B., Murray, L., Moutsiana, C., Fearon, P. R. M., Cooper, P., Halligan, S. L., & Johnstone, T. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.006 · Cited by 8
Good things better? Reappraisal and discrete emotions in acquired brain injury
Rowlands, L., Coetzer, R., & Turnbull, O. H. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2019.1620788 · Cited by 11
“The most extensively used approach to ER is the “Process model”, which describes this ability as a range of strategies that influence emotions, their intensity and the way they are experienced and expressed (Gross, 2013, 2014, 2015; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Method

Authors: Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID: Gross, James J.
Muñoz, Ricardo F.
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-164
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
OpenAlex: W2033688243
Cited by: 1,595
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 10.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4042 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health

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Emotion regulation and mental health

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