Cited by 1,595Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Emotion regulation and mental health

Gross, James J., Muñoz, Ricardo F.·1995·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Emotion And Adaptation
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
HOLLON, S. D., & BECK, A. T. (1979) · Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404480-7.50012-5 · Cited by 4,685
Handbook of Psychophysiology
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
Facial expression and emotion
Ekman, P. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.4.384 · Cited by 3,441
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
EKMAN, P., & FRIESEN, W. V. (1969) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49 · Cited by 3,316

Show all 80 references

Research works printed but not linked: 20

Bowlby, 1969, Attachment and loss
Campos, 1983, Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Infancy and developmental psychobiology, 783
Carstensen, 1987, Handbook of clinical gerontology, 222
Carstensen, 1993, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 209
Clarke, 1993, October, Prevention of depression in at-risk high school adolescents. A randomized trial of a cognitive therapy intervention
Cooper, 1991, The biochemical basis of neurophamacology
Davison, 1990, Abnormal psychology
Depression Guideline Panel, 1993, Depression in primary care: Vol. 2. Treatment of major depression
Ekman, 1984, Approaches to emotion, 319
Erikson, 1959, Psychological Issues
Frankl, 1963, Man's search for meaning
Gilmore, 1973, The counselor-in-training
Harris, 1989, Children and emotion
Hoschild, 1983, The managed heart
Levenson, 1994, The nature of emotion, 123
Miller, 1987, The socialization of anger and aggression, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 1
Rehm, 1987, Depression prevention: Research directions, 79
Saarni, 1992, Deception and lying in everyday life
Schoenborn, 1993, Advance data from vital and health statistics
Thompson, 1990, Socioemotional development. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 36, 367

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,004

General emotion regulation measure (GERM): Individual differences in motives of trying to experience and trying to avoid experiencing positive and negative emotions
Bloore, R. A., Jose, P. E., & Roseman, I. J. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110174 · Cited by 19
An experience sampling investigation of emotion and worry in people with generalized anxiety disorder
Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., Kuo, J. R., & Antony, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102478 · Cited by 23
Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG-based music emotion decoding and visualization
Qian, W., Tan, J., Jiang, Y., & Tian, Y. (2022) · Brain-Apparatus Communication A Journal of Bacomics · doi:10.1080/27706710.2022.2075241 · Cited by 19
Nurturing child social-emotional development: evaluation of a pre-post and 2-month follow-up uncontrolled pilot training for caregivers and educators
Speidel, R., Wong, T. K. Y., Al‐Janaideh, R., Colasante, T., & Malti, T. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01357-4 · Cited by 26
“Notably, some theoretical and conceptual approaches identify emotion regulation (which was shown to increase with training outcomes) as a core feature of mental health [69].”
Background
Neural signatures of emotion regulation
Rieck, J. M., Wrobel, J., Porras, A. R., Kateri Mcrae, A., & Gowin, J. L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52203-3 · Cited by 19
“For example, the strategies that individuals tend to use for emotion regulation can reduce the likelihood of psychopathology when effective, or predispose individuals to developing depression, anxiety, or substance use disorders when they go awry 2,3 .”
A socioemotional network perspective on momentary experiences of family conflict in young adults
Wang, X., McGowan, A. L., Fosco, G. M., Falk, E. B., Bassett, D. S., & Lydon‐Staley, D. M. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12995 · Cited by 20
Infant Emotion Regulation Strategy Moderates Relations between Self‐Reported Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Infant HPA Activity
Khoury, J. E., González, A., Levitan, R. D., Masellis, M., Basile, V. S., & Atkinson, L. R. (2015) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1916 · Cited by 16
Understanding emotion and emotional scarring in recurrent depression
van Rijsbergen, G. D., Hollon, S. D., Elgersma, H. J., Kok, G. D., Dekker, J., Schene, A. H., & Bockting, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.010 · Cited by 20
“Emotional states or affective experiences have been characterized as highly dynamic constructs [1–3].”
Background
Emotion dysregulation mediates the longitudinal relation between peer rejection and depression
Fussner, L. M., Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., & Becker, S. P. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416669062 · Cited by 26
“The relation between emotion dysregulation and psychopathology is well established (Eisenberg et al., 2001; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers, & Robinson, 2007; Silk, Shaw, Forbes, Lane, & Kovacs, 2006).”
Big data and the well-being of women and girls: applications on the social scientific frontier
Vaitla, B., Bosco, C., Alegana, V. A., Bird, T. J., Pezzulo, C., Hornby, G., Sorichetta, A., Steele, J. E., Ruktanonchai, C., Ruktanonchai, N., et al. (2017) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 18
Young children with significant developmental delay differentiate home observed attachment behaviour towards their parents
Vandesande, S., Bosmans, G., Schuengel, C., & Maes, B. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12513 · Cited by 19
“There is a broad agreement in the literature that problems in emotion regulation (ER) are at the core of numerous mental health and behavioural problems in the general population (Bradley, 2000; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Managing work-generated emotions at home: An exploration of the “Bright Side” of emotion regulation
Alam, M., Ezzedeen, S. R., & Latham, S. D. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.12.002 · Cited by 28
Interactive Technologies for Emotion-regulation Training: Opportunities and Challenges
Sadka, O., & Antle, A. N. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3382894 · Cited by 19
“A key aspect of learning to regulate emotions involves identifying which environments are likely to trigger certain emotional experiences, how to recognize these experiences and to modulate their emotional experience and response [14].”
Background
Never too late to plan: “Refocus on planning” as an effective way to lower symptoms and difficulties in emotion regulation during the COVID-19 first lockdown.
Sacchi, L., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001039 · Cited by 22
Emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder: The role of self‐criticism, shame, and self‐compassion
Warren, R. (2015) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1290 · Cited by 19
“Difficulties in emotion regulation are characteristic of many forms of psychopathology (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Self-reported emotion regulation difficulties are associated with mood but not with the biological stress response to thin ideal exposure
Humbel, N., Messerli-Bürgy, N., Schuck, K., Wyssen, A., Garcia-Burgos, D., Biedert, E., Lennertz, J., Meyer, A. H., Whinyates, K., Isenschmid, B., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199769 · Cited by 19
Emotion Regulation Strategies and Academic Achievement among Secondary and University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Romo, J., Pérez, J. C., Cumsille, P. E., Hollenstein, T., Torres, A. J. O., Rodríguez‐Rivas, M. E., & Melero, J. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10054-y · Cited by 32
“…duration of affective states, as well as individual characteristics and the surrounding context (Bisquerra, 2003; Bisquerra & Pérez, 2007; Calkins, 2010; Cole et al., 2004; Gross, 1998; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Gyurak et al., 2011; Kok, 2017; Perry & Calkins, 2018; Thompson, 1994; Webb et al., 2012).”
Psychological and Autonomic Correlates of Emotion Dysregulation among Women in Substance Use Disorder Treatment
Price, C. J., Crowell, S. E., Pike, K. C., Cheng, S. C., Puzia, M., & Thompson, E. A. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1508297 · Cited by 21
“…in emotion regulation are common clinically, particularly among individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD) with internalizing, externalizing, or co-occurring internalizing/externalizing forms of psychopathology (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Vasilev, Crowell, Beauchaine, Mead, & Gatzke-Kopp, 2009).”
Background
Self-regulation predicts companionship in children with autism
Nuske, H. J., Shih, W., Sparapani, N., Baczewski, L. M., Nunnally, A. D., Hochheimer, S., Garcia, C., Castellón, F. A., Levato, L., Fischer, E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2021.1917109 · Cited by 22
Physiological Factors Linking Insecure Attachment to Psychopathology: A Systematic Review
Tironi, M., Mora, S. C., Cavanna, D., Borelli, J. L., & Bizzi, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111477 · Cited by 27
Emotional regulation, attachment style, and assertiveness as determinants of well-being in emerging adults
Plantade-Gipch, A., Bruno, J., Strub, L., Bouvard, M. A., & Martin‐Krumm, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1058519 · Cited by 34
“The ability to regulate emotions helps cope with stress and predicts fulfillment and positive mental health (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Estudos de validação com a versão portuguesa da Escala de Dificuldades na Regulação Emocional (EDRE)
Veloso, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Dinis, A. (2011) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_54_4 · Cited by 18
“Deste modo, tem sido postulado que a regulação emocional desempenha uma função unificadora na apresentação de constelações de sintomas e de comportamentos desadaptativos (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Perceived barriers to mental health services: a mixed-method study with Ukrainian college students
Burlaka, V., Churakova, I., Aavik, O. A., & Goldstein, D. R. (2014) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2014.890524 · Cited by 19
“Good mental health contributes to mutually satisfying relationships with other people (Gross and Muñoz 1995).”
Background
Beyond positive and negative trait affect: Flourishing through music engagement
Chin, T., & Rickard, N. S. (2014) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-014-0025-4 · Cited by 18
Fluctuating emotions: relating emotional variability and job satisfaction
Xu, S. T., Martinez, L. R., Hoof, H. B. V., Eljuri, M. I., & Arciniegas, L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12390 · Cited by 18
Emotion and Gender-Specific Neural Processing in Men and Women
Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2017) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00013-9 · Cited by 18
Longitudinal Associations in Borderline Personality Disorder Features: Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines—Revised (DIB-R) Scores Over Time
Tragesser, S. L., Solhan, M. B., Brown, W. C., Tomko, R. L., Bagge, C. L., & Trull, T. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.377 · Cited by 18
Goal Systems and Self‐Regulation
Karoly, P. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch10 · Cited by 18
The Dark Side of the Self: When Family is Highly Related to Mental Health Deterioration
Ertema, M., Sánchez-Sosa, J. C., García, Ó. F., Villarreal-González, M. E., & Pérez, J. F. G. (2025) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2025.3 · Cited by 19
“A deterioration in emotion regulation has been linked to depression, anxiety, psychosis, and suicidal ideation, even in community samples (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Young et al., 2019; Zapf et al., 2024).”
Influential
Employing large language models for emotion detection in psychotherapy transcripts
Lalk, C., Targan, K., Steinbrenner, T., Schaffrath, J., Eberhardt, S. T., Schwartz, B., Vehlen, A., Lutz, W., & Rubel, J. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1504306 · Cited by 23
Marital Conflict and Health: The Moderating Roles of Emotion Regulation and Marriage Order
Frye, N., H.Ganong, L., Jensen, T. M., & Coleman, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1080/10502556.2021.1925853 · Cited by 17
“One line of scholarship has explored emotion regulation strategies (J.J. Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
EEG emotion Enhancement using Task-specific Domain Adversarial Neural Network
Ding, K.-M., Kimura, T., Fukui, K., & Numao, M. (2021) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533310 · Cited by 17
“Emotion plays an important role in human decision-making and emotion detection has been proven to be promising research problem to deal with mental disorders, stress or depression [1].”
Background
Comparing the Effectiveness of Speech and Physiological Features in Explaining Emotional Responses during Voice User Interface Interactions
Swoboda, D., Boasen, J., Léger, P., Pourchon, R., & Sénécal, S. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031269 · Cited by 17
Enacted Sexual Minority Stigma, Psychological Distress, and Sexual and Drug Risk Behaviors Among Urban Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)
Silvestri, F., Tilchin, C. G., Wagner, J., Hamill, M. M., Rompalo, A. M., Ghanem, K. G., Schumacher, C. M., Ruhs, S., Greenbaum, A. H., Latkin, C. A., et al. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03784-5 · Cited by 17
“While studies on MSM who engage in transactional sex, which can be defined as “the commodification of the body in exchange for shelter, food, and other goods and needs” [4] are few, existing data suggests that MSM reporting transactional sex have higher rates of STIs and HIV compared to other MSM [5, 6].”
Background
Positive reappraisal coping mediates the relationship between parental abuse and lack of affection on adulthood generalized anxiety severity
Ng, M. H. S., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102826 · Cited by 18
“The development of emotional regulatory skills has been theorized to occur incrementally over the course of childhood (Gross & Mu ˜ noz, 1995), with researchers proposing a few theoretical models that might explain the underlying processes behind parental childhood abuse and resulting deficits in…”
Background
Relationship Between Interpersonal Emotion Regulation and Social Support and Their Effects on Depressive Symptoms in Korean Emerging Adults
Seong, H., Lim, H., Jang, G., Park, G., Kang, J., & Lee, S. M. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10470-4 · Cited by 17
“As the emerging adulthood group suffers from significant fluctuations in social and psychological resources, it is crucial to have appropriate emotion regulation abilities to achieve adaptation and prevent the escalation of emotional distress to higher levels of depression (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
A Study on the Relationship between Campus Environment and College Students’ Emotional Perception: A Case Study of Yuelu Mountain National University Science and Technology City
Peng, Z., Zhang, R., Dong, Y., & Liang, Z. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14092849 · Cited by 17
“Campus greenery [47,48], sky landscape [49–51], daylight and vision [52], and building facades [53] have positive or negative impacts on emotions, inducing various emotional experiences.”
Emotion Regulation Strategies Can Predict Task-Switching Abilities in Euthymic Bipolar Patients
Gul, A., & Khan, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00847 · Cited by 18
“Experientially, individuals may choose aspects of the events to attend (Gross and Munoz, 2006).”
Background
Combining Electrodermal Activity and Speech Analysis towards a more Accurate Emotion Recognition System
Greco, A., Marzi, C., Lanatá, A., Scilingo, E., & Vanello, N. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857745 · Cited by 14
“, heart rate variability, electrodermal activity (EDA), respiration) [2].”
Background
Emotion Regulation Among Adolescents With Pediatric Depression As a Function of Anxiety Comorbidity
Dochnal, R., Vetró, Á., Kiss, E., Baji, I., Lefkovics, E., Bylsma, L. M., Yaroslavsky, I., Rottenberg, J. A., Kovács, M., & Kapornai, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00722 · Cited by 18
The Network Structure of Tobacco Withdrawal in a Community Sample of Smokers Treated With Nicotine Patch and Behavioral Counseling
Lydon‐Staley, D. M., Schnoll, R. A., Hitsman, B. L., & Bassett, D. S. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty250 · Cited by 17
Health, emotion, and relationships
Butler, E. A., & Sbarra, D. A. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512453425 · Cited by 16
“…processes likely play an important role in this association, especially because they are central to human interactions and are tightly coupled with health and wellbeing in their own right (Butler, 2011; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Kinnunen, Kokkonen, Kaprio, & Pulkkinen, 2005; Ryff & Singer, 2001).”
Background
The simultaneous use of Emotional suppression and Situation selection to regulate emotions incrementally favors physiological responses
Thuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00495-1 · Cited by 19
Emotion Differentiation in Current and Remitted Major Depressive Disorder
Thompson, R. J., Liu, D. Y., Sudit, E. S., & Boden, M. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685851 · Cited by 21
Longitudinal PTSD symptom trajectories: Relative contributions of state anxiety, depression, and emotion dysregulation
Rooney, E., Hallauer, C. J., Xie, H., Shih, C.-H., RAPPORT, D. J., Elhai, J. D., & Wang, X. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.078 · Cited by 17
Loneliness and problematic pornography Use: What is the role of emotion regulation and interaction with content Creators?
Vescan, M., Flack, M., & Caudwell, K. M. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100550 · Cited by 16
“Another correlate of PPU that has relevance to loneliness is difficulty in emotion regulation – a set of processes underlying the experience, expression, understanding, and management, of different types of emotions (Gross & Mu ˜ noz, 1995).”
Background
From quality of life to sleep quality in Chinese college students: stress and anxiety as sequential mediators with nonlinear effects via machine learning
Zang, W., Liu, N., Wu, J., Wu, J., Guo, B., Xiao, N., Fang, M., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119679 · Cited by 18
Régulations endogène et exogène des émotions : des processus complémentaires et indissociables
Leroy, T., Delelis, G., Nandrino, J., & Christophe, V. (2013) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2013.10.001 · Cited by 16
The effect of emotion on keystroke: An experimental study using facial feedback hypothesis
Tsui, W.-H., Lee, P.-M., & Hsiao, T. (2013) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6610139 · Cited by 17
Cognitive control moderates the health benefits of trait self-regulation in young adults
Hakun, J. G., & Findeison, M. A. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109572 · Cited by 17
An electrophysiological investigation on the emotion regulatory mechanisms of brief open monitoring meditation in novice non-meditators
Lin, Y., Gloe, L. M., Louis, C. C., Eckerle, W. D., Fisher, M. E., & Moser, J. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71122-7 · Cited by 18
A Non-randomized Trial of Kundalini Yoga for Emotion Regulation within an After-school Program for Adolescents
McMahon, K., Berger, M. T., Khalsa, K. K., Harden, E., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01911-9 · Cited by 28
Beyond “Cold” Cognition: Exploring Cognitive Control of Emotion as a Risk Factor for Psychosis
Tully, L. M., & Niendam, T. A. (2014) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-014-0016-z · Cited by 17
Impact of Mental Illness on Parenting Capacity in A Child Custody Matter
Deutsch, R. M., & Clyman, J. A. (2016) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/fcre.12201 · Cited by 16
Trait hostility and cortisol sensitivity following a stressor: The moderating role of stress-induced heart rate variability
Murdock, K. W., LeRoy, A. S., & Fagundes, C. P. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.014 · Cited by 16
The regulatory effect of choice in Situation Selection reduces experiential, exocrine and respiratory arousal for negative emotional stimulations
Thuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12626-7 · Cited by 17
Fatherhood
Lucas, A. R. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199712000-00027 · Cited by 16
Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment
Oh, H., Lee, J., Kim, S., Rufino, K. A., Fonagy, P., Oldham, J. M., Schanzer, B., & Patriquin, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.001 · Cited by 15
Patterns of place‐based self‐regulation and associated mental health of urban adolescents
Mason, M. J., Korpela, K., Mennis, J. L., Coatsworth, J. D., Valente, T. W., Pomponio, A. D., & Pate, P. (2010) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20357 · Cited by 16
“…turn, serve as protective factors against mental health problems (Cole, Michel, & O’Donnell Teti, 1994; Eisenberg, Smith, Sadovsky, & Spinrad, 2004; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Kring & Werner, 2004) and against substance use (Hull & Slone, 2004; Percy, 2008; Sayette, 2004; Tarter et al., 2003; Weirs et…”
Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale
Mohammadpour, M., Ghorbani, V., Moradi, S., Khaki, Z., Foroughi, A., & Rezaei, M. R. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.26.3482.1 · Cited by 15
“The problems of emotion regulation have been identified in many Axis I and Axis II disorders [43, 44].”
Background
Mindfulness and eudaimonic well-being: the mediating roles of rumination and emotion dysregulation
Jarukasemthawee, S., & Pisitsungkagarn, K. (2021) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2021-0009 · Cited by 15
Cyberbullying and Gambling Disorder: Associations with Emotion Regulation and Coping Strategies
Estévez, A., Macía, L., López-González, H., Momeñe, J., Jáuregui, P., Etxaburu, N., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Mestre‐Bach, G., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10160-4 · Cited by 18
“…emotion regulation strategies and dysfunctional coping skills are relevant risk factors in the development and maintenance of psychopathology and (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Russell et al., 2012; Schreiber et al., 2012), specifically, in the case of adolescent problem gambling (Calado et al., 2017b;…”
Background
Evidence for cultural differences in affect during mother–infant interactions
Salih, M. A., Abargil, M., Badarneh, S., Selle, N. K., Irani, M., & Atzil, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31907-y · Cited by 17
Cognitive reappraisal and corresponding neural basis mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and depression
Mao, Y., Li, L., Li, Y., Hou, X., & Duan, S. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108716 · Cited by 15
Measuring children's regulation of emotion-expressive behavior.
Bar‐Haim, Y., Bar-Av, G., & Sadeh, A. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022602 · Cited by 17
“In addition, under- or overregulation of emotion-expressive behavior are considered key diagnostic features in a wide array of psychiatric disorders associated with emotional instability, such as mood and anxiety disorders (Barlow, 1991; Gross, 1998; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Emotional Skillfulness as a Key Mediator of Aggression
Mansfield, A. K., Addis, M. E., Córdova, J. V., & Dowd, L. S. (2009) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770902809811 · Cited by 15
“…idea that emotion dysregulation plays a central role in many disorders and problematic behaviors, including interpersonal aggression and violence (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Hayes et al., 1999; Jakupcak, D ow nl oa de d by [ U ni ve rs ite D e Pa ri s 1] a t 0 8: 31 1 9 A ug us t 2 01 3 Emotional…”
Background
Humor Styles, Self-Esteem and Subjective Happiness
Twain, M. (2012) · Cited by 15
The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia on anger reactivity and persistence in major depression
Ellis, A. J., Shumake, J., & Beevers, C. G. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12722 · Cited by 14
Recognition and treatment of mood dysregulation in adults with intellectual disability
Noel, J. M. (2018) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.11.264 · Cited by 16
Revisiting the double-edged sword of self-regulation: Linking shyness, attentional shifting, and social behavior in preschoolers
Hassan, R., Poole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104842 · Cited by 18
Emotion Dysregulation as a Moderator of the Association Between Relationship Dependency and Female-Perpetrated Dating Aggression
Bell, K. M., Howard, L., & Cornelius, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520945678 · Cited by 15
“(pp. 42–43) Emotion regulation is important in three key aspects of life: work, relationships, and the relationship with oneself (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial predictors of problematic Internet use and cannabis use disorder in university students
Akbari, M., Bahadori, M. H., Mohammadkhani, S., Kolubinski, D. C., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100354 · Cited by 15
“Emotion regulation allows for the ability to moderate emotional experiences and to create appropriate responses to stressful and negative events (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
A process model of team emotion regulation: An expansion of Gross' individual ER model
Kazemitabar, M., Lajoie, S. P., & Doleck, T. (2022) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2022.100612 · Cited by 17
Effectiveness of Gross Model-Based Emotion Regulation Strategies Training on Anger Reduction in Drug-Dependent Individuals and its Sustainability in Follow-up
Massah, O., Sohrābi, F., Aazami, Y., Doostian, Y., Farhoudian, A., & Daneshmand, R. (2016) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.24327 · Cited by 19
“and is used for management and regulation of emotions (6, 14, 15, 28-30).”
Working on the Inside: Mindfulness for Adolescents
Broderick, P. C., & Metz, S. M. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_22 · Cited by 15
The Impact of Group Music Therapy on Negative Affect of People with Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illnesses
Gardstrom, S. C., Bartkowski, J., Willenbrink-Conte, J., & Diestelkamp, W. S. (2013) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/31.2.116 · Cited by 15
“One’s perception of emotions as positive or negative is dependent on the context and his or her emotional competence, defined as the ability to interpret and respond to feelings in self and others (Gross & Muñoz, 1994).”
Background
Crying and health
Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Scheirs, J. G. M. (2001) · doi:10.4324/9780203717493-22 · Cited by 15
Psychological impact of climate change emergency: an attempt to define eco-anxiety
Orrù, L., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375803 · Cited by 33
How psychiatrist's communication skills and patient's diagnosis affect emotions disclosure during first diagnostic consultations
Piccolo, L. D., Danzi, O. P., Fattori, N., Mazzi, M. A., & Goss, C. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.06.001 · Cited by 14
Children’s Emotion Regulation Scale in Mathematics (CERS-M): Development and Validation of a Self-Reported Instrument
Hanin, V., Grégoire, J. C., Mikolajczak, M., Fantini‐Hauwel, C., & Nieuwenhoven, C. V. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.813143 · Cited by 16
Emotional interference under low versus high executive control
Grützmann, R., Riesel, A., Kaufmann, C., Kathmann, N., & Heinzel, S. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13380 · Cited by 17
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
Shake it off and eat less: anxiety-inducing product packaging design influences food product interaction and eating
Ilicic, J., & Brennan, S. M. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-01-2021-0038 · Cited by 15
Mood-incongruent processing during the recall of a sad life event predicts the course and severity of depression
Brockmeyer, T., Kulessa, D., Hautzinger, M., Bents, H., & Backenstraß, M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.010 · Cited by 15
Emotion dysregulation, temperamental vulnerability, and parental depression in adolescents: Correspondence between physiological and informant-report measures
Beveren, M. V., Mueller, S. C., & Braet, C. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000567 · Cited by 15
Attachment to God as a source of struggle and strength : exploring the association between Christians' relationship with God and their emotional wellbeing
Calvert, S. J. (2010) · Massey Research Online (Massey University) · Cited by 14
Emotion and the Development of Psychopathology
Cole, P. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy107 · Cited by 14
Who benefits most? Interactions between personality traits and outcomes of four incremental meditation and yoga treatments
Matko, K., Berghöfer, A., Jeitler, M., Sedlmeier, P., & Bringmann, H. C. (2022) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/9rbqe · Cited by 13
“Given that emotion regulation difficulties are at the core of various forms of psychopathology [93,94], our findings might be of particular importance in this regard.”
Background
The Cumulative Impact of Recurrent Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence on Emotion Dysregulation: A Longitudinal Investigation
Simpson, L. E., Kumar, S. A., Brockdorf, A. N., Brock, R. L., Messman, T. L., Gratz, K. L., & DiLillo, D. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241278996 · Cited by 13
“Emotion dysregulation is considered a key mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of numerous forms of psychopathology (Gross & Muñoz, 1995), and has been linked to a number of psychological disorders, including substance use disorders (Kober, 2014), posttraumatic stress disorder…”
Intrapersonal emotion regulation training in virtual reality: embodying self-talk
Zisquit‬‏, ‪., Klomek, A. B., Shoa, A., Slater, M., Spanlang, B., & Friedman, D. A. (2025) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-025-01131-2 · Cited by 13
“Emotion regulation is a fundamental construct in psychology, significantly influencing well-being, mental health, and the development and persistence of psychopathology (Gross and Munoz 1995; Sheppes et al. 2015).”
Emotion regulation effects of Ayahuasca in experienced subjects during implicit aversive stimulation: An fMRI study
Sanchez, T. A., Ramos, L. R., Araujo, F., Schenberg, E. E., Yonamine, M., Lobo, I., de Araújo, D. B., & Luna, L. E. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117430 · Cited by 14
Improving mental health literacy using web- or app-based interventions: A scoping review
Tian, L., Wong, E. L., Dong, D., Cheung, A. W.-L., Chan, S. K. W., Cao, Y., Mok, P. K. H., Zhou, L.-M., & Xu, R. H. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241243133 · Cited by 13
“34 Emotional dysregulation is recognized as the basis for a wide range of psychological disorders, 53 and transdiagnostic interventions such as DBT have identi ﬁ ed emotional dysregulation as a primary therapeutic target.”
Background
Feeling the Beat and Feeling Better: Musical Experience, Emotional Reflection, and Music as a Technology of Mental Health
Semenza, D. C. (2017) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12194 · Cited by 13
Hypersexuality: Fact or Fiction?
Kingston, D. A. (2018) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.02.015 · Cited by 13
Quality of Life in Riot Police: Links to Anger, Emotion Regulation, Depression, and Anxiety
Kale, A., & Gedik, Z. (2018) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9667-3 · Cited by 17
The Associations of Family Functioning, General Well-Being, and Exercise with Mental Health among End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
Wang, Q., Liu, H., Ren, Z., Xiong, W., He, M., Li, N., Fan, X., Guo, X., Li, X., Shi, H., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0204 · Cited by 15
Adaptación del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ) en población adulta de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Conurbano Bonaerense
Pagano, A. E., & Vizioli, N. A. (2021) · Psicodebate · doi:10.18682/pd.v21i1.3881 · Cited by 13
“Respecto de la manipulación de las respuestas emocionales, pueden distinguirse la RE centrada en el antecedente y la RE centrada en la respuesta (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Physical activity and negative emotion during peer-rejection: Evidence for emotion context sensitivity
Shields, M. C., Matt, L. M., & Coifman, K. G. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315587139 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, the ability to regulate emotions is vital to well-being and survival (Cole et al., 2004; Thompson, 1994), and maladaptive emotional responses underlie many mental disorders, including depression and anxiety (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Indirect effects of smoking motives on adolescent anger dysregulation and smoking
Mischel, E. R., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Knapp, A. A., Bilsky, S. A., Ham, L. S., & Lewis, S. F. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.029 · Cited by 13
Emotion Regulation between Determinants and Consequences
Turliuc, M. N., & Bujor, L. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.218 · Cited by 13
“…into supra-ordinate categories: the first four are considered as antecedent-focused strategies because they occur before the emotional response tendency and are in opposition to the last process that is focused on response and occurs after the response was generated (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background

Authors: Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID: Gross, James J.
Muñoz, Ricardo F.
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-164
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
OpenAlex: W2033688243
Cited by: 1,595
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 10.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4042 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Emotion regulation and mental health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks