Emotion regulation and mental health

“Emotion dysregulation originating from childhood trauma can contribute to the development, maintenance, and treatment of many psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety (Berking and Wupperman, 2012; Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Kring and Werner, 2004).”

“Adaptive ER involves both the experience and differentiation as well as the attenuation and modulation of affective states [4–6].”

“In the mental health context, maladaptive emotion regulation has been regarded as a transdiagnostic process that underlies a wide range of psychological symptoms and clinically relevant behaviours [52, 56].”

“74 Jennifer S. Silk et al. (e.g., Gross & Munoz, 1995 ).”

“Past studies have found that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies play a role in the development and maintenance of psychopathology (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Moore et al., 2008), possibly through conflicting with self-regulation goals during periods of emotional distress.”

“The present research examined the role of mindfulness in neural dynamics associated with the regulation of emotion, a process key to numerous adaptive outcomes (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”

“…(Gross, 1998) that was developed from the work of several key emotion theorists such as Ekman (1972), James (1884, 1894), Levenson (1994), and Plutchik (1990), and focuses on the role of appraisal of both external and internal events that then result in emotions (Gross, 1998; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”

“Similarly, problems in emotion regulation play a prominent role in the development and maintenance of psychopathological symptoms and emotional disorders (Garnefski et al. 2002a, b; Gross and Munoz 1995; Velotti et al. 2013).”

“Notably, recent theory and research have highlighted the role of altered emotional reactivity and associated emotion regulation dysfunction in depressive and related psychological disorders (e.g., Barlow, Allen, & Choate, 2004; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”

“6% were found to have weekly substance use in the 30 days prior to the end of treatment, indicating a significant reduction in use (χ (2)(1) = 8.”

“…(Beebe & Lachman, 2002; Bowlby, 1979; Fraley & Shaver, 1997; Fraley, Garner, & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2002; Mikulincer, Shaver, & Pereg, 2003) and to have potential to change or improve in a later social developmental context of an individual (Gross, 1998a; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”

“A broader defined concept that has become popular in the clinical literature is the concept of affect (or emotion) regulation (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Thompson, 1994).”

“rumination or other emotion-regulation strategies) [92, 93] also influence PMH and MHP.”

“Thus, our findings tentatively suggest a neural mechanism by which mindfulness-based strategies may help promote psychological well-being, in light of the relevance of effective emotion regulation for mental health (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”

“The scale has clear applied value because the strategies people choose to regulate their own and others’ affect have important implications for their well-being, performance and relationships, in family, work, clinical and leisure contexts (Grandey 2003; Gross and Muñoz 1995; Totterdell and Leach 2001).”

“load (Gross and Munoz 1995; Hayes et al. 1996; Linehan 1993; Mennin et al. 2002; Nisenbaum et al. 2010).”

“Finally, it has been proposed that dysfunctional emotion regulation might increase vulnerability to depression (see, for example,([73,74])).”

“In addition, there is little understanding of the relative significance of behavioral regulation and emotional regulation in liability for mental disorder, and this would be an intriguing question to investigate (cf. Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Southam-Gerow & Kendall, 2002).”

“Learning to modify one’s appraisal of events in a way that changes the nature of emotional outputs is a core part of existing psychological interventions (Beck, 1983; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”

“The manner in which individuals are able to manage emotional experience to conform adaptively to a given context appears to be important to mental health [9].”

“This may have implications for social well-being as Gross and Munoz (1995) argue that stable patterns of positive interactions are considered vital for successful social relationships to occur.”

“In this context, emotions become overwhelming, potentially resulting in an individual experiencing depressed mood of a severity that would warrant a diagnosis of clinical depression (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”

“Functional emotion regulation permits the individual to successfully interact in various domains of his/her social life, at work, as well as in more intimate relationships (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”

“…stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression; Gratz, Rosenthal, Tull, Lejuez, & Gunderson, 2006; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2002; Salters-Pedneault, Roemer, Tull, Rucker, & Mennin, 2006; Tull, Barrett, McMillan, &…”

“Although we are still learning about the significance of emotion regulation for mental health, the importance of this idea has already been assimilated by several successful psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies, which are premised on the idea that psychological adjustment can be improved by…”

“, 1996; Rosenstein and Horowitz, 1996; Zuroff and Fitzpatrick, 1995) and theories that depression is associated with the dysfunction of emotion regulation (Campbell-Sills and Barlow, 2007; Gross and Munoz, 1995; Mennin et al., 2007).”

“Previous reports indicate that effective emotion regulation has been linked with enhanced psychosocial functioning (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”

“Difficulties with emotion regulation have been associated with a range of psychopathology, including depression (Gross & Munoz, 1995), borderline personality disorder (Gratz, Rosenthal, Tull, Lejuez, & Gunderson, 2006), anxiety disorders in general (for a review, see Cisler, Olatunji, Feldner, &…”

“…reduced positive affect and life satisfaction, impaired interpersonal communication, and greater negative emotion in response to negative affective stimuli (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Butler et al., 2003; Kashdan et al., 2006), which are common risk factors for depression (Sperberg and Stabb, 1998).”

“If anything, research has shown that when extreme negative emotions are left unchecked, they can compromise one’s ability to fully evaluate the threat or the available coping options (Wiebe & Korbel, 2003) and can disrupt ongoing self-regulation (Cameron, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”

“…resources to effectively monitor their emotional responses and simultaneously attend to situational cues during a successful social interaction (Gross & Munoz, 1995); thus, ineffective efforts to down-regulate anxiety may deplete the self-regulatory resources that people with social anxiety…”

“, 2002) that also involve emotional dysregulation or non-constructive self-reflection (e.g. anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder; Gross and Munoz, 1995; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”

“T HE ABILITY TO REGULATE 1 negative emotions is integral for the maintenance of mental health and well-being (e.g., Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Kring & Werner, 2004), particularly in populations routinely confronted with situations that elicit intense negative emotions.”

“For example, multiple theories now emphasize maladaptive and evaluative reactions to negative affective states in the development of mood dysfunction (eg, Gross & Munoz, 1995 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008 ), suggesting a lack of mindful nonreactivity and nonjudgment.”

“Emotionally dysregulated individuals have poor ability to adapt their emotion responses to fit changing situations or expectations (Gross, 1999; Gross & Munoz, 1995 ), so one might expect poorly regulated individuals to show an abnormal range of responding but not necessarily an altered magnitude of response.”

“Because depression is considered to be a disorder of affect regulation (Forbes & Dahl, 2005; Gross & Munoz, 1995 ), neural response to affective stimuli could indicate alterations in many processes relevant to treatment response, including subjective experience of affect-eliciting events, ability to engage interperson…”

“Successful emotion regulation is associated with positive outcomes, including development of social competence (Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie, & Reiser, 2000) and improved subjective well-being (Larsen & Prizmic, 2004), whereas emotion dysregulation figures prominently in psychopathology ( Gross & Munoz, 1995 ) and may be…”

“Quantifying one’s cognition and perception, as manifested linguistically, can provide insights into emotional stability and cognitive complexity—these attributes are important with regard to understanding one’s mental well-being [19].”

“Because emotional regulation is considered to be fundamental to mental health ( Gross & Munoz, 1995 ), and studies have found that alexithymia is related to a range of psychiatric disorders (see Taylor, Bagby, & Parker, 1997, for review), alexithymia may not be a specific feature of PTSD.”

“…ER difficulties appear to comprise a transdiagnostic risk factor for many mental health problems (e.g., Finlay-Jones, Rees, & Kane, 2015; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Tull, Barrett, McMillan, & Roemer, 2007). l E G E i a E M t s P o i a o i e a h t E e c a t ( p t l a a r a a t 3 n m o G r a f…”

“Difficulty in regulating evoked emotions is often thought to lead to depression [11,12,31].”

“Research suggests that emotions (eg, fear, happiness, and sadness) are biologically-based reactions that arise as individual attempts to mitigate challenges and opportunities across ever-changing environments (Gross & Munoz, 1995 ).”

“(2010), or processes through which individuals modulate their emotions both consciously and nonconsciously (Bargh and Williams, 2007; Rottenberg and Gross, 2003) so that they can effectively respond to environmental demands (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”

“…emotions reported more frequent negative emotion regulation using a range of strategies, especially when dealing with intense negative emotions which are arguably in greatest need of regulation in the face of well-being and psychological adjustment (Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”

“Since depression has also been considered as a disorder of affect regulation (Gross and Muñoz, 1995) and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur with BPD, we controlled for level of depressive symptoms to examine the association between affect intensity, affect control, and BPD traits beyond the…”

“Depression, in particular, is known to involve substantial emotion regulation impairments (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”

“…for the validity of the DERS, confirming the important role that emotion regulation plays in different aspects of emotional functioning such as experience of distress (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Phillips & Power, 2007) and extends current research by documenting these relationships in an old sample.”

“Functional regulation of emotions is of considerable importance for the etiology, expression, and course of psychological disorders (Cole, Michel, & Teti, 1994; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Southam-Gerow & Kendall, 2002).”

“Maladaptive patterns of emotion build over time to place the individual at an increased risk for depression onset and maintenance [19,26-28].”

“It has been related to mental and physical health (Gross and Muaoz, 1995; Salovey et al., 2000), greater well-being and higher socioeconomic status (SES) (Côté et al.”

“Moreover, dysregulation of emotions is also related to psychopathological symptoms (e.g. Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Liverant, Brown, Barlow, & Roemer, 2008).”

“KEY WORDS: adult attachment • emotion regulation • physiological regulation • vagal tone There is extensive evidence that exaggerated and sustained negative emotional reactivity is associated with psychological maladjustment (Cooper, Shaver, & Collins, 1998; Gross & Munoz, 1995), anxiety and depressive disorders (Nole…”

“…decision-making, reappraisal, ultimatum game, social interactions Emotion regulation is a vital component of everyday life and inappropriate emotion regulation has been associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders and aggression (Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”

“Although emotion regulation has garnered increasing attention as a central mechanism of psychopathology (Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Gross & Munoz, 1995), less attention has been directed to the added value of attending to specific aspects of the emotion regulation construct in…”

“It is thought to be a key ingredient of many psychological interventions such as cognitive (28) and cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) (16) that learning to change the appraisals in emotional situations.”

“This sugge sts that an increased unde rstanding of how people regulate the impact of negative emo- tions may be important to unde rstanding depression as well as other forms of psychopathology (Gross & Munoz‚ 1995) .”

“Difficulties in regulating emotions have been related to problems in psychological and physical functioning (Appleton, Buka, Loucks, Gilman, & Kubzansky, 2013; Gross & Munoz, 1995; DeSteno, Gross, & Kubzansky, 2013).”

“…continue to- play an important role in distress-alleviation throughout the life course by communicating empathy, providing comfort, extending a listening ear, providing an alternative perspective, making us laugh, or simply distracting us from our problems (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Thompson, 1994).”

“Similarly, if adults are unable to develop emotion regulation, negative affect drives drug use (Brandon, 1994; Carmody, 1989; Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Khantzian, 1985) making these individuals potentially vulnerable to overuse and addiction.”