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Emotion regulation and mental health
Abstract
In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.
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“In this theoretical framework, emotion dysregulation has been consistently linked with interpersonal difficulties [7,8]”
From The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Understanding Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“(DSM-IV, Werner and Gross 2010) including depression (Gross and Munoz 1995).”
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“…who are higher in emotional suppression have lower psychological well‐being, poorer subjective health, and a tendency to have concerns about unavailability of support and to report less closeness to others (Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Nelis et al., 2011; Saxena, Dubey, & Pandey, 2011).”
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“Keywords: eye tracking, emotion processing, cognitive bias, polymorphism, serotonin Individual differences in the regulation of emotional information are thought to have important consequences for a range of affective states, such as depression and anxiety (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
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“increase in negative affect, decrease in positive affect) (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Hofmann et al., 2012; Nutt et al., 2007), it is a symptomatically heterogeneous disease spanning cognitive, emotional, motivational and physiological domains and, as such, it is particularly difficult to treat (Otte et al.”
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“Sloan (2004) found that individuals scoring high on a measure of EA, the Action and Acceptance Questionnaire (AAQ; Hayes et al., 2004), reported greater emotional experiencing of unpleasant and pleasant stimuli (i.e., film clips) compared to individuals scoring low on these measures. Interestingly, however, high-EA in…”
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“…which individuals modulate their emotions consciously and nonconsciously (Bargh & Williams, 2007; Rottenberg & Gross, 2003) to appropriately respond to environmental demands (Campbell-Sills & Barlow, 2007; Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross, 1998; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
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“The habitual use of reappraisal is shown to be positively associatedwithmental health (Gross & Munoz, 1995) and seems to be a protective factor against many forms of psychopathology (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010).”
BackgroundNeural Processing of Emotional Musical and Nonmusical Stimuli in Depression
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“Emotions are important for mental health (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
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“Emotions are typically managed through a process known as emotion regulation, a set of automatic and consciously mediated strategies that influence which emotions are experienced, the intensity of the emotion, and ways in which the emotions are expressed (14).”
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“The ability to regulate maladaptive emotions (e.g., too intense or contextually inappropriate) is vital to mental well-being (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
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BackgroundNeural Systems for Cognitive Reappraisal in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“…the extant scientific literature is cognitive reappraisal, which occurs after production of an emotional response, and includes reinterpretation of an emotion-laden stimulus to modify one’s emotional response (Gross, 1998; Gross and Munoz, 1995; Gross and Thompson, 2007; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”
Neural circuitry of emotion regulation: Effects of appraisal, attention, and cortisol administration
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“In addition, two independent theories, the model of neurovisceral integration (Thayer and Lane, 2000, 2009) and the polyvagal theory (Porges, 1997, 2001), have proposed a link between parasympathetically mediated HRV and regulated emotional responding–—a broad ability assumed to be vital for social functioning and the…”
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“…with mood disorders, particularly depression, are less effective at providing children with emotional or motivational support, thus decreasing children’s opportunities to develop or implement strategies to succeed in academics and social relationships (Gross and Munoz 1995; Hoffman et al. 2006).”
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“Better regulation of emotion predicts high life satisfaction, protects against psychopathology, enhances effectiveness at work, and underlies the ability to form sustainable relationships in adulthood (for a review see Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
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“2002), and associated emotion deficits (e.g., difficulty tolerating negative emotions; Gross and Muñoz 1995; Hoffman et al. 2006).”
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“Actually, deficits in emotion regulation skills have been described not only in anxiety disorders but seem to be critical to the development and maintenance of a wide range of mental disorders (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
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“Emotion regulation is integral in the development and maintenance of mental health (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
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“Regulating initial responses to emotional stimuli is essential to mental health (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
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“These include an increase in rumination, avoidance and maladaptive coping in mental health problems (Gross, 1998; Gross and Muñoz, 1995) and, more specifically, a decrease in perception, understanding and expression of one’s affective experience in depression and anxiety (Luminet, Bagby and Taylor, 2001; Mennin, Heimb…”
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“, antecedent-focused) [7] regulation abilities that occur at the response level, once an emotion has been activated and modulation processes are initiated, are particularly amenable to clinical intervention.”
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“Many mental disorders (e.g. anxiety, mood disorder) are thought to involve emotion dysregulation or misregulation, or emotion regulation failure that results in problematic emotional states (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
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“…because (1) it is similar to subjective well-being (Diener, 1994), as moods and emotions can be conceptualized as reactions to the events occurring in one’s life (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999); and (2) affect plays a crucial role in the development of mental disorders (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
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Fitzpatrick, K. K., Witte, T. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80114-5 · Cited by 59
Abler, B., Hofer, C., Walter, H., Erk, S., Hoffmann, H., Traue, H. C., & Kessler, H. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.05.010 · Cited by 62
“Yet, dysfunctional habitual emotion regulation is thought to be a central feature of clinical depression (Gross and Munoz, 1995) and deficits in non-voluntary, automatic emotion regulation have been identified as an important component in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (Phillips et al.,…”
BackgroundBayes, A. J., Parker, G. B., & McClure, G. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.027 · Cited by 60
The impact of emotion awareness and regulation on psychotic symptoms during daily functioning
Kimhy, D., Lister, A., Liu, Y., Vakhrusheva, J., Delespaul, P., Malaspina, D., Ospina, L. H., Mittal, V. A., Gross, J. J., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-0096-6 · Cited by 59
Self-citationPersonality, gender, and crying
Peter, M., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Heck, G. L. V. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.386 · Cited by 63
Collective Emotion Regulation in an Organisation A Plural Agency with Cognition and Affect
Fink, G., & Yolles, M. I. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-09-2014-0179 · Cited by 59
Mindfulness, Emotion Regulation, and Well-Being
Nyklíček, I. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_7 · Cited by 66
Affect Regulation During Learning: The Enhancing Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal
Strain, A. C., & D’Mello, S. K. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3049 · Cited by 65
Naturally-occurring expressive suppression in daily life depletes executive functioning.
Franchow, E. I., & Suchy, Y. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000013 · Cited by 58
“For instance, in clinical settings, affective dysregulation tends to be associated with deficits in executive functioning in a variety of patient populations, including depression (Gross & Muñoz, 1995) and schizophrenia (Henry et al., 2007).”
BackgroundProcessing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study
Seidel, M., King, J. A., Ritschel, F., Boehm, I., Geisler, D., Bernardoni, F., Beck, M., Pauligk, S., Biemann, R., Strobel, A., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.035 · Cited by 60
“How we process and regulate emotions has important consequences for our physical and mental well-being (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Prefrontal inhibition of threat processing reduces working memory interference
Clarke, R., & Johnstone, T. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00228 · Cited by 67
Holtmann, J., Herbort, M. C., Wüstenberg, T., Soch, J., Richter, S., Walter, H., Roepke, S., & Schott, B. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00054 · Cited by 63
“The ability to regulate negative emotions successfully allows an individual to adaptively respond to stressful experiences, with deficits in emotion regulation often leading to considerable psychological distress (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Davidson et al., 2000; Gross, 2002; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation interacts with gambling motives to predict problem gambling among emerging adults
Marchica, L. A., Keough, M. T., Montreuil, T. C., & Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106378 · Cited by 56
Huang, W., Wu, W., Lucas, M. V., Huang, H., Wen, Z., & Li, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3134183 · Cited by 60
“…of a suitable emotion for a particular situation plays a significant role in protecting mental and physical health and improves the quality of social relationships [5], [6], [7]; however, individuals with difficulties in emotion regulation are at high risk of suffering from mental disorders [8].”
BackgroundIn‐Albon, T., Bürli, M., Ruf, C., & Schmid, M. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-5 · Cited by 55
“Increasing attention has been paid to emotion regulation as a potentially unifying function of maladaptive behaviors [37].”
BackgroundQiu, F., Kang, N., Tan, J., Yan, S., Lin, L., Cai, L., Goodman, J. M., & Gao, Q. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.04625-22 · Cited by 55
Kamholz, B. W., Hayes, A. M., Carver, C. S., Gulliver, S. B., & Perlman, C. A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9013-1 · Cited by 59
“People must be able to manage and/or tolerate negative emotions in order to function effectively in interpersonal relationships and in the work environment (Gross, 1998; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Linehan, 1993).”
BackgroundActivity spaces and urban adolescent substance use and emotional health
Mason, M. J., & Korpela, K. (2008) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.08.004 · Cited by 55
Cho, Y., & Hong, S. (2013) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175613484033 · Cited by 59
“…regulation is an essential component of mental health and that emotion dysregulation will make a person more vulnerable to various forms of psychopathology and mental disorders (e.g., Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Davidson, 2000; Gross, 1998; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Kring & Bachorowski, 1999).”
BackgroundBehavioral and electrophysiological correlates of training-induced cognitive control improvements
Millner, A. J., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chamarthi, H., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.032 · Cited by 59
“…a, Harish Chamarthi a, Diego A. Pizzagalli b,c,d,⁎ a Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA b Center For Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, USA c McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, USA d Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA ☆ Previous presentation.”
BackgroundDepressive Styles and the Regulation of Negative Affect: A Daily Experience Study
Fichman, L., Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., & Gordon, L. B. (1999) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018768320680 · Cited by 55
“…people useful mood-regulation technique s, not only enabling them to better cope with negative moods, but also providing an added sense of control that may facilitate othe r types of inte rventions for more grave psychologic al distre ss (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990) .”
BackgroundAn examination of trait, spontaneous and instructed emotion regulation in dysphoria
Quigley, L., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.848786 · Cited by 56
“Given these central affective features of depression, some researchers have hypothesised that impaired regulation of negative emotions such as sadness may contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Kovacs, Joormann, & Gotlib, 2008).”
BackgroundPsychiatric correlates of injection risk behavior among young people who inject drugs.
Mackesy‐Amiti, M. E., Donenberg, G. R., & Ouellet, L. J. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036390 · Cited by 53
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9705-5 · Cited by 52
“Based on this finding, first, difficulties with emotion regulation may be best described as having a unifying function across diverse symptoms/maladaptive behaviors (Gross and Munoz 1995), rather than having an amplifying effect.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-164
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- OpenAlex
- W2033688243
- Cited by
- 1,595
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 10.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health
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