Cited by 1,595Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Emotion regulation and mental health

Gross, James J., Muñoz, Ricardo F.·1995·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x

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Abstract

In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.

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“The ability to manage and control emotion is an important dimension of EI with links to emotion regulation – an essential feature of mental health ( Gross & Munoz, 1995 ).”
Background
Child Maltreatment Histories Among Female Inmates Reporting Inmate on Inmate Sexual Victimization in Prison
Walsh, K., Gonsalves, V. M., Scalora, M. J., King, S., & Hardyman, P. L. (2011) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260511421670 · Cited by 30
“…construct reflecting difficulties identifying, experiencing, and modulating emotional experiences (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), has emerged as a correlate of a host of clinical disorders including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Tull, Barrett, McMillan, & Roemer, 2007).”
Background
A diathesis-stress model of engagement in risky behaviors in Chinese adolescents
Auerbach, R. P., Abela, J. R. Z., Zhu, X., & Yao, S. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.005 · Cited by 33
Longitudinal relationships across emotional distress, perceived emotion regulation, and social connections during early adolescence: A developmental cascades investigation
Demkowicz, O., Panayiotou, M., Qualter, P., & Humphrey, N. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001407 · Cited by 35
“…strategies and associated advantages/limitations (Castro et al., 2016), such as suppressing emotions, reappraising situations, or pre-emptively modifying one ’ s experiences and environment to reduce or increase the probability of particular feelings (Castro et al., 2016; Gross & Mu ˜ noz, 1995).”
Background
The Moderator Role of Perceived Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between Sources of Stress and Mental Health in Teachers
Pulido‐Martos, M., López‐Zafra, E., Estévez‐López, F., & Augusto-Landa, J. M. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.8 · Cited by 29
“However, research on the relationship emotionMental Health highlights the importance of managing emotional experiences in the issuance of adaptive responses to the point of considering emotional regulation as an intrinsic element of mental health (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Distress Tolerance Interacts With Negative Life Events to Predict Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence
Felton, J. W., Collado, A., Havewala, M., Shadur, J. M., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1405354 · Cited by 35
“…with low distress tolerance try to avoid distressing situations and emotions (Leyro et al., 2010; McHugh & Otto, 2011), which can lead to maladaptive coping strategies, which in turn may further increase the propensity to experience depression (CampbellSills & Barlow, 2007; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
History of childhood emotional abuse predicts lower resting-state high-frequency heart rate variability in depressed women
Stone, L. B., Amole, M. C., Cyranowski, J. M., & Swartz, H. A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.106 · Cited by 29
Relationship Dissatisfaction, Emotion Regulation, and Physical Intimate Partner Aggression in Heavy-Drinking, Conflict-Prone Couples: A Dyadic Analysis
Halmos, M. B., Leone, R. M., Parrott, D. J., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518801019 · Cited by 31
“…research and avenues for intervention may be more informative and effective, respectively, when emotion regulation is conceptualized as the manipulation of either emotion antecedents or one or more emotion response components (i.e., behavioral, subjective, physiological; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Distraction and reappraisal efficiency on immediate negative emotional responses: role of trait anxiety
Efinger, L., Thuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1597859 · Cited by 29
“Functional emotion regulation is crucial in promoting health, well-being (Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995), and efficient social functioning (Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie, & Reiser, 2000); whereas difficulties in emotion regulation have been associated with substance dependencies (Hayes,…”
Background
Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in late adulthood
Orgeta, V. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.010 · Cited by 29
Reactive aggression in psychopathy and the role of frustration: Susceptibility, experience, and control
Harenski, C. L., & Kiehl, K. A. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712609x471067 · Cited by 29
“The relevance of emotion regulation to psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety has been widely discussed (Amstadter, 2008; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Nolen-Hoeksema & Corte, 2004), but it has not received much attention in psychopathy.”
Background
Emotion dysregulation and impulsivity additively predict borderline personality disorder features in Italian nonclinical adolescents
Fossati, A., Gratz, K. L., Maffei, C., & Borroni, S. (2013) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1229 · Cited by 30
Effectiveness of group dialectical behavior therapy (based on core mindfulness, distress tolerance and emotion regulation components) on depressive symptoms in university students
Khadijeh, A., Gharavi, M. M., Amir, A. Y. S., & Fadardi, J. S. (2011) · Cited by 30
Taking charge of one's feelings: Sense of power and affect regulation
Leach, S., & Weick, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109958 · Cited by 29
Trait self-consciousness predicts amygdala activation and its functional brain connectivity during emotional suppression: an fMRI analysis
Chen, S., Chen, C., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00073-3 · Cited by 33
Examining Pathways of Childhood Maltreatment and Emotional Dysregulation Using Self-Compassion
Reffi, A. N., Boykin, D. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2018) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2018.1485810 · Cited by 35
“Emotional regulation refers to the ability to influence the experience and expression of emotions (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
Background
Experiences of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Premanifest Huntington’s Disease
Eccles, F. J. R., Craufurd, D., Smith, A. M. S., Davies, R., Glenny, K., Homberger, M., Rose, L., Theed, R., Peeren, S., Rogers, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Huntington s Disease · doi:10.3233/jhd-210471 · Cited by 27
“…gave some participants greater ﬂexibility in responding to everyday situations, which in turn resulted in greater emotion regulation, i.e. the “processes by which individuals inﬂuence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions” [57, p.275].”
Ethical Leadership and Followers’ Emotional Exhaustion: Exploring the Roles of Three Types of Emotional Labor toward Leaders in South Korea
Lee, H. W., An, S., Lim, G. Y., & Sohn, Y. W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010862 · Cited by 28
“, [50,53], faked and suppressed displays were reported to be response-focused types of emotion regulation, which require a substantial level of emotional resources.”
Background
Successful Application of Adaptive Emotion Regulation Skills Predicts the Subsequent Reduction of Depressive Symptom Severity but neither the Reduction of Anxiety nor the Reduction of General Distress during the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Wirtz, C. M., Radkovsky, A., Ebert, D. D., & Berking, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108288 · Cited by 35
Effects of valence and divided attention on cognitive reappraisal processes
Morris, J. A., Leclerc, C. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu004 · Cited by 28
“Regulatory processes of emotion regulation can help attenuate inappropriate, unchecked or extreme emotional reactions that could be seen or felt as personally, socially or behaviorally unwanted or abnormal (Parrott, 1993; Cicchetti et al., 1995; Gross and Munoz, 1995; Mayer and Salovey, 1995; Paulhus et al., 1997).”
Background
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Mindfulness in Psychological and Somatic Symptoms of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Mazaheri, M. (2015) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.17795/ijpbs-954 · Cited by 28
“In fact, lack of the ability to experience and differentiate emotions and also spontaneous responses may be maladaptive similar to disability in reducing and regulating intense negative emotions (6, 7).”
Background
Spillover Effects of Maternal Chronic Disease on Children’s Quality of Life and Behaviors Among Low-Income Families
Guo, V. Y., Wong, C. K. H., Wong, R. S. M., Yu, E. Y. T., Ip, P., & Lam, C. L. K. (2018) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-018-0314-8 · Cited by 27
“By contrast, mental disease is associated with poor skills in behavioral inhibition and emotion regulation [51].”
Validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in older community‐dwelling adults
Brady, B., Kneebone, I., & Bailey, P. E. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12203 · Cited by 27
Associations Between Psychopathy and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale in Incarcerated Males: A Combined Latent Variable- and Person-Centered Approach
Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., & Mark, D. (2019) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854819891460 · Cited by 29
“…emotional clarity or understanding); (b) to monitor and evaluate emotions (i.e., attention to emotion, or emotional awareness); and (c) to respond spontaneously (i.e., emotional acceptance) as they unfold (Barrett et al., 2001; Cole et al., 1994; Gross & Munoz, 1995; Thompson & Calkins, 1996).”
Background
A School-Based Mobile App Intervention for Enhancing Emotion Regulation in Children: Exploratory Trial
Moltrecht, B., Patalay, P., Deighton, J., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. H. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/21837 · Cited by 35
“There has been an increasing interest in emotion regulation as a treatment and prevention target because of growing evidence demonstrating that emotion regulation difficulties are not only present in most mental health disorders but are also a significant risk factor for future mental health difficulties [27,28].”
Background
Emotion Regulation in Adolescents: Evidence of the Validity and Factor Structure of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ)
Betegón, E., Rodríguez-Medina, J., del-Valle, M., & Irurtia, M. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063602 · Cited by 30
“Emotion regulation is defined as the use of mechanisms, skills, and strategies with the goal of maintaining, increasing, or suppressing an existing emotional state [18].”
Background
The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation among a Cohort of Females with Lipedema
Al-Wardat, M. S., Clarke, C., Alwardat, N., Kassab, M. I., Salimei, C., Gualtieri, P., Marchetti, M., Best, T., & Renzo, L. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013679 · Cited by 27
Suppression of Emotion Expression Mediates the Effects of Negative Affect on Pain Catastrophizing
Wong, W. S., & Fielding, R. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31827da3b5 · Cited by 30
Attentional Bias for Sexual Threat Among Sexual Victimization Survivors
Latack, J. A., Moyer, A. E., Simon, V. A., & Davila, J. (2015) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015602737 · Cited by 27
“…by SV. Disruption in one’s ability to adaptively regulate negative emotions is associated with negative psychological sequelae, such as depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as substance-use disorders (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Fox, Hong, & Sinha, 2008; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
Background
Bilinçli Farkındalık Temelli Bilişsel Terapi Programının Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüklerini Azaltmadaki Etkisi
Demir, V., & Gündoğan, N. A. (2018) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.332844 · Cited by 30
“Gross and Munoz (1995) indicated that emotion regulation is the base of psychological healthiness.”
Background
A Chinese Adaptation of the Distress Tolerance Scale among Adolescents: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties
You, J., & Leung, F. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9256-3 · Cited by 26
“The tendency to be intolerant of one’s internal thoughts and emotions was not only involved in various forms of adult psychopathology, such as depression (Gross and Munoz 1995), generalized anxiety disorder (Mennin et al.”
Background
The impact of culture on emotion suppression: Insights from an electrophysiological study of emotion regulation in Japan
Kraus, B. T., Liew, K., Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108767 · Cited by 29
Self‐Comparing With Virtual Influencers: Effects on Followers' Wellbeing
Nasr, L., Mousavi, S., & Michaelidou, N. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22151 · Cited by 32

Authors: Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID: Gross, James J.
Muñoz, Ricardo F.
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-164
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
OpenAlex: W2033688243
Cited by: 1,595
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 10.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4042 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health

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