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Emotion regulation and mental health
Abstract
In this article, we argue that emotion regulation is an essential (and traditionally underemphasized) feature of mental health. To develop this idea, we first define the terms emotion, emotion regulation, and mental health. We then chart the development of emotion regulation and describe its role in various facets of normal functioning. Next, we consider what happens when emotion becomes dysregulated in a major depressive episode. We suggest that an emotion regulatory perspective integrates diverse theoretical views of depression and has implications for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of depression. We conclude by speculating about the role of emotion regulation in the broader context of public mental health.
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“In this theoretical framework, emotion dysregulation has been consistently linked with interpersonal difficulties [7,8]”
From The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Understanding Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Learning how to manage appetitive cravings and resist these temptations is a vital aspect of healthy adolescent development (Davidson et al., 2000; Gross, 1998; Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
Emotional instability, poor emotional awareness, and the development of borderline personality
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“…many, if not most, forms of psychopathology, and is often considered a precursor in the development of disorder (Berenbaum, Raghavan, Le, Vernon, & Gomez, 2003; Bradley, 2003; Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Cole, Michel, & Teti, 1994; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Keenan, 2000; Kring & Werner, 2004).”
Emotion regulation: A treatment target for autism spectrum disorder
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“An interpersonal approach to workplace stress opens the door for developing skills of emotional self-awareness (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000; Goleman, 2006; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Hayward & Tuckey, 2011).”
BackgroundSkin Admittance Measurement for Emotion Recognition: A Study over Frequency Sweep
Greco, A., Lanatà, A., Citi, L., Vanello, N., Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. P. (2016) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics5030046 · Cited by 54
“Emotions play a fundamental role in the daily life and a possible continuous monitoring of them could be very beneficial in understanding and managing personal well-being promoting mental healthy state [1,2].”
BackgroundAnxiety, Depression and Emotion Regulation Among Regular Online Poker Players
Barrault, S., Bonnaire, C., & Herrmann, F. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9669-3 · Cited by 53
“…between negative affectivity and emotion regulation in this particular population, as they revealed a link between cognitive reappraisal and anxiety, but not between emotion regulation and depression, which is surprising in view of both clinical evidence and the literature (Gross and Muñoz 1995).”
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Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Davis, C., Haine, R. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615788.011 · Cited by 52
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“During recent decades, emotional regulation gained increasing interest (Hughes et al., 2020; Koole, 2009; McRae & Gross, 2020) and is now considered an essential feature of healthy psychological functioning (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
BackgroundBaur‐Streubel, R., Conzelmann, A., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.022 · Cited by 59
Price, R. B., Paul, B., Schneider, W., & Siegle, G. J. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9508-x · Cited by 53
“Recent transdiagnostic conceptualizations of emotional disorders emphasize emotion dysregulation as a key variable promoting vulnerability to symptoms of anxiety and depression (Aldao et al. 2010; Gross and Munoz 1995; Hofmann et al. 2012; Kring and Sloan 2010).”
BackgroundGeneral Life Stress and Hoarding: Examining the Role of Emotional Tolerance
Timpano, K. R., Keough, M. E., Traeger, L. N., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.3.263 · Cited by 51
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Emotion Dysregulation as a Vulnerability to Psychopathology
Cole, P. M., Hall, S. E., & Hajal, N. J. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258932.ch11 · Cited by 52
Emotion regulation and potentiated startle across affective picture and threat-of-shock paradigms
Lissek, S. M., Orme, K., McDowell, D., Johnson, L. L., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Baas, J. M. P., Cornwell, B. R., & Grillon, C. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.002 · Cited by 51
“Though emotion regulation is generally adaptive and considered an essential component of mental health (Gross and Munoz, 1995), down-regulation of negative emotion to potent and imminent danger may serve to prolong exposure and vulnerability to survival threats and may not have been naturally…”
BackgroundMitsopoulou, E., Kafetsios, K. G., Karademas, E. C., Papastefanakis, E., & Simos, P. G. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9321-6 · Cited by 58
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Lanatà, A., Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. P. (2012) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-012-0147-6 · Cited by 50
“For example, emotions become dysregulated in major depressive episodes, and some theoretical views of depression are based on emotion changes which have implications in assessment, treatment, and prevention of the pathology (Gross and Mun˜oz 1995).”
BackgroundEye tracking and pupil size variation as response to affective stimuli: a preliminary study
Lanatà, A., Armato, A., Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. P. (2011) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2011.246056 · Cited by 50
“For example, emotions become dysregulated in major depressive episodes, and some theoretical views of depression are based on emotion changes which have implications in assessment, treatment, and prevention of the pathology [3].”
BackgroundThe effect of leadership on work-related flow: a moderated mediation model
Lan, J., Wong, C., Jiang, C., & Mao, Y. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-08-2015-0180 · Cited by 49
Variability in emotion regulation strategy use is negatively associated with depressive symptoms
Wang, X., Blain, S. D., Meng, J., Liu, Y., & Qiu, J. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1840337 · Cited by 55
Fitzgerald, M. M., Shipman, K., Pauletic, M. T., Ellesworth, K., & Dymnicki, A. B. (2022) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2022.200234 · Cited by 74
The role of nature in emotion regulation processes: An evidence-based rapid review
Vitale, V., & Bonaiuto, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102325 · Cited by 67
Emotional regulation, attachment to possessions and hoarding symptoms
Phung, P. J., Moulding, R., Taylor, J. K., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12239 · Cited by 49
Wills, T. A., Ainette, M. G., Mendoza, D., Gibbons, F. X., & Brody, G. H. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.205 · Cited by 50
Adolescent Emotion Network Dynamics in Daily Life and Implications for Depression
Lydon‐Staley, D. M., Xia, M., Mak, H. W., & Fosco, G. M. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0474-y · Cited by 50
“These findings for anger and depression instrength, and anxiety outstrength reinforce theoretical treatments of emotion dynamics in which cross-emotion transfer has been highlighted (Gross and Muñoz 1995).”
BackgroundPlace‐based social network quality and correlates of substance use among urban adolescents
Mason, M. J., Valente, T. W., Coatsworth, J. D., Mennis, J. L., Lawrence, F., & Zelenak, P. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.006 · Cited by 52
Emotion dysregulation and smoking among treatment-seeking smokers
Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Viana, A. G., Manning, K. F., Mayorga, N. A., Garey, L., Raines, A. M., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.025 · Cited by 47
“There has been increased scholarly interest in forwarding the scientific study of emotion dysregulation (Barlow, Allen, & Choate, 2004; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Kashdan & Steger, 2006).”
Li, F., Yin, S., Feng, P., Hu, N., Ding, C., & Chen, A. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.013 · Cited by 53
Why do depressed people prefer sad music?
Yoon, S., Verona, E., Schlauch, R. C., Schneider, S. L., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000573 · Cited by 51
Emotional and Personality Development in Adolescence
Galambos, N. L., & Costigan, C. L. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0614 · Cited by 47
Stimulus appraisal modulates cardiac reactivity to briefly presented mutilation pictures.
Mocaiber, I., Perakakis, P., Pereira, M. G., Pinheiro, W. M., Volchan, E., de Oliveira, L., & Vila, J. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.014 · Cited by 45
“However, deficits in emotion regulation skills seem to be critical to the development and maintenance of a wide range of mental disorders (Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
BackgroundGender differences in functional connectivity during emotion regulation
Stoica, T., Knight, L. K., Naaz, F., Patton, S. C., & Depue, B. E. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107829 · Cited by 52
Stratégies de régulation émotionnelle et de coping : quels liens ?
Delelis, G., Christophe, V., Berjot, S., & Desombre, C. (2011) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.515.0471 · Cited by 47
Heart rate responses to parental behavior in depressed adolescents
Allen, N. B., Kuppens, P., & Sheeber, L. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.013 · Cited by 47
“Indeed, epression is frequently conceptualized as a disorder of affect or ffect regulation (Cole and Kaslow, 1988; Davidson et al., 2002; ross and Muñoz, 1995), which presumably has considerable sigificance for the way depressed people respond to interpersonal nvironments.”
BackgroundThe regulation of achievements emotions: Implications for research and practice.
Jarrell, A., & Lajoie, S. P. (2017) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000119 · Cited by 55
“…linked emotion regulation to various outcomes, including psychological and emotional adjustment (e.g., Berking, Orth, Wupperman, Meier, & Caspar, 2008; Silk, Steinberg, & Morris, 2003), mental health (e.g., Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Gross & Muñoz, 1995), and well-being (e.g., Gross & John, 2003).”
Dejonckheere, E., Kalokerinos, E. K., Bastian, B. B., & Kuppens, P. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1524747 · Cited by 52
“As people with depressive symptoms are easily distressed (MyinGermeys et al., 2003), yet lack the capacity to effectively down-regulate negative emotions (Gross & Muñoz, 1995), processing PA and NA in parallel may be challenging.”
BackgroundEmotion Dysregulation within the CBT-E Model of Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review
Trompeter, N., Bussey, K., Forbes, M., & Mitchison, D. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10225-5 · Cited by 39
“Emotional responses are thought to occur when external events trigger an ‘emotion program’ leading to the activation of ‘response tendencies’ (changes in behaviours, physiology, or subjective experience), before being expressed as observable emotional responses (see Gross & Muñoz, 1995 for review).”
BackgroundOptimizing Urban Forest Landscape for Better Perceptions of Positive Emotions
Zhang, J., Yang, Z., Chen, Z., Guo, M., & Guo, P. (2021) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f12121691 · Cited by 46
McLean, L. M., Toner, B. B., Jackson, J. S., Desrocher, M. E., & Stuckless, N. (2006) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v15n03_01 · Cited by 47
Children’s Coping with In Vivo Peer Rejection: An Experimental Investigation
Reijntjes, A. H. A., Stegge, H., Terwogt, M. M., Kamphuis, J. H., & Telch, M. J. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9061-8 · Cited by 45
“As suggested by Gross and Munoz (1995) , to the extent that children high in depression are less capable of countering emotional distress by successful coping efforts, their risk of developing clinical depression may be increased (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundPenner, F., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01204-0 · Cited by 55
“While multiple, but related, definitions of emotion regulation exist, here we refer to emotion regulation (ER) as concerning one’s attempts to influence, modulate, or manage the emotions one is experiencing and how they are expressed (Gross and Muñoz 1995, p. 152).”
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“It is often considered a key component of mental health (Gross, 2001; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
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Chen, L., Oei, T. P. S., & Zhou, R. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.059 · Cited by 48
Shortt, J. W., Eddy, J. M., Sheeber, L., & Davis, B. (2014) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0034323 · Cited by 46
“The ability to successfully regulate one’s emotional states has been noted as critical to an individual’s mental health (e.g., Gross & Munoz, 1995), with disturbances in this capacity underlying many forms of child and adult psychopathology (e.g., Beauchaine, 2001; Chaplin & Cole, 2005; Cicchetti,…”
BackgroundZvolensky, M. J., & Otto, M. W. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.01.002 · Cited by 48
Alexithymia and Emotional Processing: A Mediation Model
da Silva, A. N., Vasco, A. B., & Watson, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22422 · Cited by 45
Schulz, P., Beblo, T., Ribbert, H., Kater, L., Spannhorst, S., Drießen, M., & Hennig‐Fast, K. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.022 · Cited by 45
Difficulties in emotion regulation in child abuse potential: Gender differences in parents.
Miragoli, S., Milani, L., di Blasio, P., & Camisasca, E. (2020) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104529 · Cited by 34
Buruck, G., Wendsche, J., Melzer, M., Strobel, A., & Dörfel, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00517 · Cited by 47
Huang, Y., Tang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675173 · Cited by 44
“Effective emotion regulation has been linked to advantageous outcomes in the areas of mental health [13], physical health [30], relationship satisfaction [20], and work performance [7].”
BackgroundNeural Activation Associated with the Cognitive Emotion Regulation of Sadness in Healthy Children
Belden, A. C., Luby, J., Pagliaccio, D., & Barch, D. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.02.003 · Cited by 48
“Reapraisal has been consistently found to minimize the mental nd/or physical toll associated with the experience of negtive emotions and stressful life events (Gross, 1999, 2002; ross and John, 2003; Gross and Munoz, 1995; Gross and hompson, 2007).”
Soto, J. A., Lee, E. A., & Roberts, N. A. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12579 · Cited by 44
Wang, L., Xu, H., Zhang, X., & Fang, P. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.06.004 · Cited by 50
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“Although emotions are biologically based, people are able to regulate their emotions (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
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“…whereby individuals attenuate sadness and dysphoria (Josephson, Singer & Salovey, 1996)1, has received increased attention as a behavioral mechanism central to depression (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Joormann, Cooney, Henry, & Gotlib, 2012; Kovacs, Joormann & Gotlib, 2008; Kovacs & Yaroslavsky, 2014).”
BackgroundBebko, G. M., Franconeri, S., Ochsner, K. N., & Chiao, J. Y. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035459 · Cited by 43
“When emotions are not successfully regulated, psychological disorders, such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and borderline personality disorder, may manifest (Amstadter, 2008; Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundBenvenuti, S. M., Mennella, R., Buodo, G., & Palomba, D. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.017 · Cited by 43
“Depression is conceptualized as a disorder of emotion (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1991; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Tomarken & Keener, 1998).”
BackgroundAge-related differences in profiles of mood-change trajectories.
Stanley, J. T., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021023 · Cited by 48
Santangelo, P., Limberger, M. F., Stiglmayr, C., Houben, M., Coosemans, J., Verleysen, G., Kuppens, P., Tuerlinckx, F., Vanpaemel, W., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2016) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-016-0039-z · Cited by 45
“This is in line with the idea that affect regulation is an essential component to mental health [9, 28] and an important risk and maintaining factor in various mental disorders [29], and that affect regulation strategies are included as treatment modules across numerous disorders, e.”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation and Well-Being: A View from Different Angles
Nyklíček, I., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_1 · Cited by 43
Reijntjes, A. H. A., Stegge, H., Terwogt, M. M., Kamphuis, J. H., & Telch, M. J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.543 · Cited by 44
“However , a limitation of the present study is that our data do not capture the dynamic and reciprocally determined nature of emotional responding as it occurs in ongoing streams of such cycles (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundComputer response to user frustration
Klein, J. (1998) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 42
Mindful Emotion Regulation Predicts Recovery in Depressed Youth
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., Hassed, C. S., Knight, W., Garvin, T., & Allen, N. B. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0284-4 · Cited by 54
“Adaptive ER is intrinsic to mental health and adaptive functioning more generally (Gross and Munoz 1995).”
BackgroundSocialization of emotion regulation strategies through friends
Reindl, M., Gniewosz, B., & Reinders, H. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.008 · Cited by 50
“Emotion regulation & depressive symptoms Research showed that the ability to regulate emotions effectively is linked to the development of depressive symptoms (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundBeyond Restoration: Considering Emotion Regulation in Natural Well-Being
Richardson, M. (2019) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2019.0012 · Cited by 48
“From the systems perspective of one health, the human need to maintain emotion regulation for mental health (Gross & Mun˜oz, 1995) has clear parallels with the homeostasis, equilibrium, and balance required for a healthy ecosystem (Odum, 1985).”
Belden, A. C., Pagliaccio, D., Murphy, E. R., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.014 · Cited by 43
“When these cognitive vulnerabilities are paired with an inability to use adaptive CER strategies such as reappraisal, risk for MDD increases.(7) There are known associations between the infrequent and/ or inefficient use of cognitive reappraisal tactics in relation to the development and course of MDD.”
BackgroundDevelopmental Perspectives on Links Between Attachment and Affect Regulation Over the Lifespan
Diamond, L. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00003-7 · Cited by 42
“…studies of adolescents and adults have found that high and unregulated levels of negative affect are associated with general maladjustment (Gross & Munoz, 1995), anxiety and depressive disorders (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994), substance use (Colder &…”
BackgroundAsberg, K. K. (2013) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.715601 · Cited by 41
“…of depression, GAD, or social anxiety, however, is a more general deficit in emotion regulation (e.g., ER; Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Gross & Munoz, 1995; John & Gross, 2007; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2005; Salovey, Stroud, Woolery, & Epel, 2002; Werner, Goldin, Ball,…”
The role of valence focus and appraisal overlap in emotion differentiation.
Erbaş, Y., Ceulemans, E., Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000039 · Cited by 51
Tello, F. P. H., Amor, P. J., Lasa-Aristu, A., Domínguez-Sánchez, F. J., & Delgado, B. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.3.306531 · Cited by 43
“These cognitive strategies are not only relevant in the maintenance of an appropriate level of psychological wellbeing (Gross & Muñoz, 1995), but can also constitute important factors in the aetiology and chronification of certain psychopathological disorders (e.g., Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006a), as…”
BackgroundAdult attachment and health symptoms: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties
Lewczuk, K., Kobylińska, D., Marchlewska, M., Krysztofiak, M., Glica, A., & Moiseeva, V. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0097-z · Cited by 45
“This illustrates the high importance of emotion regulation to health and is in agreement with previous literature on this subject (Gross and Muñoz 1995; Jazaieri et al. 2013; Werner and Gross 2010).”
ResultThe Multidimensional Emotion Questionnaire (MEQ): Rationale and Initial Psychometric Properties
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., Hibbert, A. S., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09741-2 · Cited by 51
“For example, researchers have proposed emotion dysregulation theories of anxiety (Mennin et al. 2005), borderline personality disorder (Glenn and Klonsky 2009), depression (Gross and Munoz 1995), and non-suicidal self-injury (Klonsky 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialCaro, C., & Popovac, M. (2020) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412020944622 · Cited by 41
Review of Perioperative Music Medicine: Mechanisms of Pain and Stress Reduction Around Surgery
Ginsberg, J. P., Raghunathan, K., Bassi, G. S., & Ulloa, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.821022 · Cited by 44
“Emotional Regulation and Depression and Anxiety For decades, emotional regulation has been thought to be an essential, if underemphasized, feature of mental health (192).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation Promotes Persistence in a Residential Substance Abuse Treatment
Hopwood, C. J., Schade, N., Matusiewicz, A. K., Daughters, S. B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.977393 · Cited by 45
“Heightened emotion dysregulation is evident across a number of disorders (Gross & Munoz, 1995).”
BackgroundExamining emotion regulation in an isolated performance team in Antarctica.
Wagstaff, C. R. D., & Weston, N. J. V. (2014) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000022 · Cited by 40
How Affective Science Can Inform Clinical Science
Tracy, J. L., Klonsky, E. D., & Hajcak, G. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614537627 · Cited by 43
“More recently, however, many psychopathologies have been recast explicitly in terms of emotion and emotion regulation deficits (Berenbaum, Raghavan, Le, Vernon, & Gomez, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Keenan, 2000; Kring & Bachorowski, 1999; Watson, 2003, 2005).”
Backgroundd’Arripe-Longueville, F., Corrion, K., Scoffier‐Mériaux, S., Roussel, P., & Chalabaëv, A. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.5.595 · Cited by 40
“Bandura et al. (2003) identified another type of central self-regulatory efficacy related to affectivity, which has been shown to influence attentional, cognitive, and motivational processes (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Larsen, 2000).”
BackgroundForbes, E. E., Shaw, D. S., Silk, J. S., Feng, X., Cohn, J. F., Fox, N. A., & Kovács, M. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9171-y · Cited by 41
“Symptoms of maternal depression may be particularly sensitive to individual differences in children’s affect regulation because depression is considered to involve fundamental affect regulation difficulties (Gross and Muñoz 1995).”
BackgroundThe Stigma of Mental Illness: Using Segmentation for Social Change
Yeh, M. A., Jewell, R. D., & Thomas, V. L. (2016) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.13.125 · Cited by 46
Relation of positive memory recall count and accessibility with post-trauma mental health
Contractor, A. A., Banducci, A. N., Dolan, M., Keegan, F. S., & Weiss, N. H. (2019) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2019.1628994 · Cited by 43
“…& Teasdale, 1982), deficits in processing positive content (Joormann & Siemer, 2004; Werner-Seidler & Moulds, 2011), overgeneralised memory biases (Brittlebank, Scott, Williams, & Ferrier, 1993), and mood repair difficulties integral to depression (Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Tomarkenand & Keener, 1998).”
BackgroundJuarascio, A. S., Manasse, S. M., Clark, K. E., Schaumberg, K., Kerrigan, S. G., Goldstein, S. P., Evans, B. C., Wyckoff, E. P., Murray, H. B., Felonis, C. R., et al. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109859 · Cited by 39
Jiang, X., Ji, L., Chen, Y., Zhou, C., Ge, C., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637712 · Cited by 42
“Similarly, emotion regulation problems play a prominent role in developing and maintaining psychopathological symptoms and emotional disorders (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Garnefski et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHershenberg, R., Davila, J., Yoneda, A., Starr, L. R., Miller, M. R., Stroud, C. B., & Feinstein, B. A. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.11.006 · Cited by 40
“…to successfully respond to social demands that primarily call for the expression of positive feelings and the management of negative emotions, an ability essential for effective social functioning and for establishing intimacy in relationships (Gross & Munoz, 1995; Riggio, 1986; Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundPatron, E., Benvenuti, S. M., Favretto, G., Gasparotto, R., & Palomba, D. (2013) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.11.004 · Cited by 40
“Depression is increasingly being conceptualized as a disorder of emotion (e.g., Gross and Muñoz, 1995).”
Ellis, A. J., Fischer, K. M., & Beevers, C. G. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/13803390902851176 · Cited by 40
“…(Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996), anxiety (Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2002), bipolar disorder (e.g., Green, Cahill, & Malhi, 2007), and borderline personality disorder (Linehan, 1993), its role in depression has received relatively less attention (Gross & Muñoz, 1995).”
BackgroundPredicting symptoms of depression from social anhedonia and emotion regulation
Atherton, B. D., Nevels, R. M., & Moore, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000262 · Cited by 39
“Difficulties in emotion regulation have been shown to be a risk factor for various forms of psychopathology, including depression (Gross and Munoz, 1995).”
Paz, R., Zvielli, A., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.017 · Cited by 39
Rogante, E., Cifrodelli, M., Sarubbi, S., Costanza, A., Erbuto, D., Berardelli, I., & Pompili, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020169 · Cited by 39
“In this theoretical framework, emotion dysregulation has been consistently linked with interpersonal difficulties [7,8]; specifically, people with difficulty regulating their emotions could develop interpersonal rejection and experience feelings of social isolation and the perception of being a…”
BackgroundKalmbach, D. A., Pillai, V., Kingsberg, S. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0381-4 · Cited by 40
“As emotion dysregulation and affective instability are well-documented phenomena in depression (Gross & Munoz, 1995), it is important to examine if sexual problems co-occur with these mood fluctuations.”
BackgroundHiraoka, R., Crouch, J. L., Reo, G., Wagner, M. F., Milner, J. S., & Skowronski, J. J. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.023 · Cited by 40
Kingston, D. A., Graham, F. J., & Knight, R. A. (2016) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0873-5 · Cited by 39
Cancian, A. C. M., de Souza, L. A. S., Silva, V. H. P. E., Machado, W. D. L., & Oliveira, M. D. S. (2018) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0128 · Cited by 39
Stress and executive control: Mechanisms, moderators, and malleability
Tsai, N., Eccles, J. S., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.10.004 · Cited by 42
Factors associated with psychological distress in women with breast cancer‐related lymphoedema
Alcorso, J., & Sherman, K. A. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4021 · Cited by 39
“An inability to self-regulate negative affect may also underlie the development of psychological distress [25,26], because the way in which affect is consciously controlled can change the way an individual processes and responds to stimuli [27].”
BackgroundLindebaum, D. (2012) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2012.08.002 · Cited by 44
“While health has also been defined in terms of its physical, social functioning, or role functioning components (see Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Ware, 1987, for reviews), a specific focus upon mental health is more relevant for this study.”
BackgroundTuran, B., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Wallace, B. A., Cullen, M., Rosenberg, E. L., Jennings, P. A., Ekman, P., & Kemeny, M. E. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.014 · Cited by 40
Mazaheri, M. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-164
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- OpenAlex
- W2033688243
- Cited by
- 1,595
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 10.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, mental health, major depressive episode, depression, emotional dysregulation, normal functioning, depression treatment, depression prevention, public mental health
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