Interaction of dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype and maltreatment for ADHD: a latent class analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Although the association of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been widely studied, far less is known about its potential interaction with environmental risk factors. Given that maltreatment is a replicated risk factor for ADHD, we explored the interaction between DAT1 and maltreatment with ADHD symptoms defined dimensionally and using latent class analysis (LCA). Method: We tested the association of the 40 base‐pair variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in DAT1, maltreatment, and their interaction in 2,488 boys and girls from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results: In boys, ADHD symptoms were optimally defined by four classes (Combined, Hyperactive/Impulsive, Inattentive, and Normal), whereas in girls, ADHD symptoms were defined by three classes (Combined, Combined‐Mild, Normal). A significant DAT1 × maltreatment interaction revealed that maltreated girls homozygous for the 10‐repeat allele had more symptoms of ADHD, and were also 2.5 times more likely to be classified in the Combined ADHD group than in the Normal Group. Conclusions: The underlying structure of ADHD symptoms differed between boys and girls and DAT1 interacted with maltreatment to predict ADHD symptoms and ADHD status derived from LCA. Interactive exchanges between maltreatment and DAT1 for ADHD symptoms, and their implications for intervention, are discussed.
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Girls with the 10-10 repeat genotype within the dopamine transporter gene were significantly more likely to have problematic levels of ADHD following maltreatment than girls without this genotype.
“In a study examining maltreatment of participants from AddHealth, girls with the 10-10 repeat genotype within the dopamine transporter gene were significantly more likely to have problematic levels of ADHD following maltreatment than girls without this genotype (Li and Lee, 2012).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Li and Lee, 2012
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- Authors
- Li, J. J., & Lee, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Li, James J.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05-31
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 997-1005
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC3445417
- OpenAlex
- W1906226491
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R03AA020186)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (RL1DA024853)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (UL1DE019580)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- dopamine transporter gene, DAT1, maltreatment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gene-environment interaction, sex differences, genetic polymorphism
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Abuse, Female, Genotype, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Young Adult, Gene-Environment Interaction
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