Cited by 722EEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesGaze Tracking and Assistive TechnologyNeuroscience and Neural Engineering

Breaking the silence: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control

Birbaumer, Niels·2006·Psychophysiology

Abstract

Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) allow control of computers or external devices with regulation of brain activity alone. Invasive BCIs, almost exclusively investigated in animal models using implanted electrodes in brain tissue, and noninvasive BCIs using electrophysiological recordings in humans are described. Clinical applications were reserved with few exceptions for the noninvasive approach: communication with the completely paralyzed and locked‐in syndrome with slow cortical potentials, sensorimotor rhythm and P300, and restoration of movement and cortical reorganization in high spinal cord lesions and chronic stroke. It was demonstrated that noninvasive EEG‐based BCIs allow brain‐derived communication in paralyzed and locked‐in patients but not in completely locked‐in patients. At present no firm conclusion about the clinical utility of BCI for the control of voluntary movement can be made. Invasive multielectrode BCIs in otherwise healthy animals allowed execution of reaching, grasping, and force variations based on spike patterns and extracellular field potentials. The newly developed fMRI‐BCIs and NIRS‐BCIs, like EEG BCIs, offer promise for the learned regulation of emotional disorders and also disorders of young children.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00456.x

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Authors
Birbaumer, N.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Birbaumer, Niels
Venue
Psychophysiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2006-09-25
Volume
43
Issue
6
Pages
517-532
ISSN
  • 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8986
OpenAlex
W2110863214
Cited by
722
References
129
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 42
FWCI
1.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Keywords
brain-computer interface, invasive BCIs, locked-in syndrome, paralysis, EEG-based communication, P300, slow cortical potentials, sensorimotor rhythm, stroke, cortical reorganization, motor control, multi-electrode recording, spike patterns, extracellular field potentials, emotional disorders, children
MeSH terms
Action Potentials, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Brain, Communication, Conditioning, Operant, Electroencephalography, Humans, Movement, Paralysis, Quality of Life, Seizures, User-Computer Interface

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