Breaking the silence: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control
Abstract
Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) allow control of computers or external devices with regulation of brain activity alone. Invasive BCIs, almost exclusively investigated in animal models using implanted electrodes in brain tissue, and noninvasive BCIs using electrophysiological recordings in humans are described. Clinical applications were reserved with few exceptions for the noninvasive approach: communication with the completely paralyzed and locked‐in syndrome with slow cortical potentials, sensorimotor rhythm and P300, and restoration of movement and cortical reorganization in high spinal cord lesions and chronic stroke. It was demonstrated that noninvasive EEG‐based BCIs allow brain‐derived communication in paralyzed and locked‐in patients but not in completely locked‐in patients. At present no firm conclusion about the clinical utility of BCI for the control of voluntary movement can be made. Invasive multielectrode BCIs in otherwise healthy animals allowed execution of reaching, grasping, and force variations based on spike patterns and extracellular field potentials. The newly developed fMRI‐BCIs and NIRS‐BCIs, like EEG BCIs, offer promise for the learned regulation of emotional disorders and also disorders of young children.
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Subject learning in online MI BCI is most often hypothesized to occur "by default" in analogy to neurofeedback training.
“To begin with, subject learning in online MI BCI is most often hypothesized to occur “by default” in analogy to neurofeedback training [1,46,54,55].”
From The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users (2018) · cites this paper as [55]
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Dworkin, B. R., & Miller, N. E. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.100.3.299 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Failure to replicate visceral learning in the acute curarized rat preparation.
Dworkin, B. R., & Miller, N. E. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.100.3.299 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Birbaumer, N., Roberts, L. E., Lutzenberger, W., Rockstroh, B. S., & Elbert, T. R. (1992) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(92)90088-s · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationNeumann, N., Hinterberger, T., Kaiser, J., Leins, U., Birbaumer, N., & Kübler, A. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.030 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation[Study of a little electroencephalographic activity: rolandic arched rhythm].
Gastaut, H., Terzian, H., & Gastaut, Y. (1952) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
EEG biofeedback: Physiological behavior modification
Sterman, M. B. (1981) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(81)90036-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Behavioral treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis
Birbaumer, N., Flor, H., Cevey, B., et al. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90060-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of cognitive function and communication ability in a completely locked-in patient
Hinterberger, T., Birbaumer, N., & Flor, H. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000156910.32995.f4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSlow Brain Potentials and Behavior
Rosenfeld, P. J., Rockstroh, B. S., Elbert, T. R., Birbaumer, N., & Lutzenberger, W. (1984) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422614 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies of arousal control: Biofeedback, meditation, and motivation.
Cuthbert, B. N., Kristeller, J. L., Simons, R. F., et al. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.110.4.518 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chaos and order in the human brain.
Birbaumer, N., Flor, H., Lutzenberger, W., et al. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationA decision tree for brain-computer interface devices
Kennedy, P. R., & Adams, K. D. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2003.814420 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Phase relationships between different subdural electrode recordings in man
Brunner, C., Graimann, B., Huggins, J. E., et al. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.052 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Barber, T. X. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 27 · see citing works
July 12 Highlights and Commentary
(2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.65.1.1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Contingent Negative Variations
McAdam, D. W. (1974) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-689402-8.50013-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lutzenberger, W., Roberts, L. E., & Birbaumer, N. (1993) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(93)90005-a · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationNicolelis, M. A. L., Birbaumer, N., & Muller, K.-L. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2004.827677 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Building of Binary Spelling Interfaces for Augmentative Communication
Tregoubov, M., & Birbaumer, N. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2004.836505 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES FOR VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Birbaumer, N., Strehl, U., & Hinterberger, T. (2004) · Series on Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1142/9789812561763_0039 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationOperant Enhancement of EEG-Theta Activity
Birbaumer, N. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2526-0_10 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical biofeedback: A behavioral analysis
Engel, B. T. (1981) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(81)90034-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Surface Gastrograms as Measures of Gastric Motility
Hölzl, R. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3530-6_5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smith, G. T., Allen, A. R., Oestreich, J., et al. (2004) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000081106 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI)
Bergsman, K. C., & Chudler, E. H. (2020) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brain–computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation
Chaudhary, U., Birbaumer, N., & Ramos-Murguialday, A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.113 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Self-citationReal-time fMRI neurofeedback: Progress and challenges
Sulzer, J., Haller, S., Scharnowski, F., Weiskopf, N., Birbaumer, N., Blefari, M. L., Bruehl, A. B., Cohen, L. G., deCharms, R. C., Gassert, R., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.033 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationKübler, A., & Birbaumer, N. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.06.019 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain-Computer Interfaces Based on Visual Evoked Potentials
Wang, Y., Gao, X., Hong, B., Jia, C., & Gao, S. (2008) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/memb.2008.923958 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Recognition of emotions using multimodal physiological signals and an ensemble deep learning model
Yin, Z., Zhao, M., Wang, Y., Yang, J., & Zhang, J. (2017) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.12.005 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Decoding spoken words using local field potentials recorded from the cortical surface
Kellis, S., Miller, K., Thomson, K., Brown, R., House, P., & Greger, B. (2010) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/7/5/056007 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Huang, D., Qian, K., Fei, D.-Y., Jia, W., Chen, X., & Bai, O. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2190299 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Brain–computer interface–based communication in the completely locked-in State
Chaudhary, U., Xia, B., Silvoni, S., Cohen, L. G., & Birbaumer, N. (2017) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002593 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedConscious Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans Using Non-Invasive Technologies
Grau, C., Ginhoux, R., Riera, A., Nguyen, T. L., Chauvat, H., Berg, M., Amengual, J. L., Pascual-Leone, A., & Ruffini, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105225 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
A review on mechanical considerations for chronically-implanted neural probes
Lecomte, A., Descamps, E., & Bergaud, C. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aa8b4f · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Real-time fMRI brain computer interfaces: Self-regulation of single brain regions to networks
Ruiz, S., Buyukturkoglu, K., Rana, M., Birbaumer, N., & Sitaram, R. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.010 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users
Perdikis, S., Tonin, L., Saeedi, S., Schneider, C., & Millán, J. D. R. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003787 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Christensen, J. C., Estepp, J. R., Wilson, G. F., & Russell, C. A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.091 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Combining eye gaze input with a brain–computer interface for touchless human–computer interaction
Zander, T. O., Gaertner, M., Kothe, C., & Vilimek, R. (2010) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2011.535752 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Detecting Consciousness: A Unique Role for Neuroimaging
Owen, A. M. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143729 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Effects of training and motivation on auditory P300 brain-computer interface performance
Baykara, E., Ruf, C. A., Fioravanti, C., Käthner, I., Simon, N., Kleih, S. C., Kübler, A., & Halder, S. (2016) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.054 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Martins, N. R. B., Angelica, A., Chakravarthy, K., Svidinenko, Y., Boehm, F. J., Opris, I., Lebedev, M. A., Swan, M., Garan, S. A., Rosenfeld, J. V., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00112 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Towards a user-friendly brain-computer interface: initial tests in ALS and PLS patients
Bai, O., Lin, P., Huang, D., Fei, D.-Y., & Floeter, M. K. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.157 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Fernández-Rodríguez, Á., Medina-Juliá, M. T., Velasco-Álvarez, F., & Ron-Angevin, R. (2019) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20521-8_31 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Birbaumer, N.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Birbaumer, Niels
- ORCID
- Birbaumer, Niels
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-09-25
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 517-532
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2110863214
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- brain-computer interface, invasive BCIs, locked-in syndrome, paralysis, EEG-based communication, P300, slow cortical potentials, sensorimotor rhythm, stroke, cortical reorganization, motor control, multi-electrode recording, spike patterns, extracellular field potentials, emotional disorders, children
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Brain, Communication, Conditioning, Operant, Electroencephalography, Humans, Movement, Paralysis, Quality of Life, Seizures, User-Computer Interface
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