Risk as Social Context: Immigration Policy and Autism in California1
Open accessAbstract
Motivated by the dramatic increase in autism diagnoses in recent years, research into risk factors has uncovered substantial variation in autism prevalence by race/ethnicity, SES, and geography. Less studied is the connection between autism diagnosis rates and the social and political context. In this article, we link the temporal pattern of autism diagnosis for Hispanic children in California to state and federal anti‐immigrant policy, particularly ballot initiative Proposition 187, limiting access to public services for undocumented immigrants and their families. Using a population‐level data set of 1992–2003 California births linked to 1992–2006 autism case records, we show that the effects of state and federal policies toward immigrants are visible in the rise and fall of autism risk over time. The common epidemiological practice of estimating risk on pooled samples is thereby shown to obscure patterns and mis‐estimate effect sizes. Finally, we illustrate how spatial variation in Hispanic autism rates reflects differential vulnerability to these policies. This study reveals not only the spillover effects of immigration policy on children’s health, but also the hazards of treating individual attributes like ethnicity as risk factors without regard to the social and political environments that give them salience.
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Several recent studies suggest that parental immigration, especially maternal immigration but also paternal immigration, is a risk factor for ASD.
“In fact, several recent studies suggest that parental immigration, especially maternal immigration but also paternal immigration, is a risk factor for ASD (53–59).”
From Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Fountain, C., & Bearman, P.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bearman, Peter
- Venue
- Sociological Forum
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-05-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 215-240
- ISSN
- 0884-8971 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7861
- PMC
- PMC3105781
- OpenAlex
- W2100368433
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sociological Forum (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD003635)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, immigration policy, Proposition 187, Hispanic children, undocumented immigrants, anti-immigrant policy, access to public services, risk factors, spillover effects, spatial variability, California
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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