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Cited by 661Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesEmployment and Welfare Studies

Social inequalities in health: next questions and converging evidence

Marmot, Michael, Ryff, Carol D., Bumpass, Larry L., Shipley, Martin, Marks, Nadine F.·1997·Social Science & Medicine
DOI 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00194-3
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Abstract

Mortality studies show that social inequalities in health include, but are not confined to, worse health among the poor. There is a social gradient: mortality rises with decreasing socio-economic status. Three large sample studies, one British and two American, brought together for their complementarity in samples, measures, and design, all show similar social gradients for adult men and women in physical and mental morbidity and in psychological well-being. These gradients are observed both with educational and occupational status and are not explained by parents' social status or lack of an intact family during childhood. They are also not accounted for by intelligence measured in school. This suggests that indirect selection cannot account for inequalities in health. Possible mediators that link social position to physical and mental health include smoking and features of psycho-social environment at work and outside.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00194-3

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  • All-cause mortality has consistently been associated with both socioeconomic status and personality traits.

    “All-cause mortality has consistently been associated with both socioeconomic status (SES) (1-4) and personality traits (5).”

    From Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States (2010) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Higher total serum and LDL cholesterol, lower HDL cholesterol, and higher relative weight are recognized risk factors for poor health outcomes including mortality, cardiovascular disease, and functioning loss.

    “Metabolic parameters, including higher total serum and LDL cholesterol, lower HDL cholesterol, and higher relative weight, are also recognized risk factors for poor health outcomes including mortality, cardiovascular disease, and functioning loss.7,[11][12][13][14]”

    From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [13]

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Authors
Marmot, M., Ryff, C. D., Bumpass, L. L., Shipley, M., & Marks, N. F.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • University of Wisconsin System (US)
ORCID
Venue
Social Science & Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1997-03
Volume
44
Issue
6
Pages
901-910
ISSN
0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00194-3
OpenAlex
W1966184844
Cited by
661
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
FWCI
23.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (5RO1 HS06516)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG9775, R01AG009775)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2 RO1 HL36310-04, R01HL036310)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords
health disparities, social gradient, mortality, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, occupational status, psychiatric morbidity, physical morbidity, psychological well-being, indirect selection, parental social status, family structure, intelligence, smoking, work environment, psychosocial environment
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, United Kingdom, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mortality, Social Class, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Causality, Odds Ratio, Occupational Health

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