Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T‐cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/ B7 family
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Summary: Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper termination to prevent inflammation‐induced tissue damage. In addition, costimulatory signals are critical for the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This paradigm has been established in many animal models and has led to the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulation pathways for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. During the last decade, the complexity of the biology of costimulatory pathways has greatly increased due to the realization that costimulation does not affect only effector T cells but also influences regulatory T cells and antigen‐presenting cells. Thus, costimulation controls T‐cell tolerance through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In this review, we discuss the influence of costimulation on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of peripheral tolerance, with emphasis on members of the CD28 family, CD28, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), as well as the downstream cytokine interleukin‐1 (IL‐2).
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CD28 signaling is connected to higher Δ133p53 protein, because NF-κB and its downstream mTOR activation may suppress autophagy.
“This finding links CD28 function to Δ133p53 upregulation at the protein level, since NF-κB and its activation of mTOR, a major downstream pathway activated by the CD28 signaling, may repress autophagy (36)(37)(38)(39)(40).”
From p53 isoforms regulate aging- and tumor-associated replicative senescence in T lymphocytes (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
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“The overall importance of the cytoplasmic tail and the Y201VKM sequence is most evident in CTLA-4 mutant mice that either lack the entire intracellular domain or carry a point mutation within the Y201VKM motif (139, 140).”
BackgroundA PD‐1 polymorphism is associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis
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Self-citationCell intrinsic mechanisms of T‐cell inhibition and application to cancer therapy
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Interaction of CTLA-4 with AP50, a clathrin-coated pit adaptor protein
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CTLA-4 trafficking and surface expression
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CTLA‐4: a key regulatory point in the control of autoimmune disease
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The Roles of CD28 and CD40 Ligand in T Cell Activation and Tolerance
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Signaling through CD28 and CTLA-4 controls two distinct forms of T cell anergy
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CD28 interaction with filamin-A controls lipid raft accumulation at the T-cell immunological synapse
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The Basis for IL-2-Induced IL-2 Receptor α Chain Gene Regulation
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The Initial Phase of an Immune Response Functions to Activate Regulatory T Cells
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Cutting Edge: Distinct Motifs Within CD28 Regulate T Cell Proliferation and Induction of Bcl-XL
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Costimulation controls diabetes by altering the balance of pathogenic and regulatory T cells
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Costimulation controls diabetes by altering the balance of pathogenic and regulatory T cells
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CTLA-4: a moving target in immunotherapy
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CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy
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Self-citationCollateral damage: Insulin-dependent diabetes induced with checkpoint inhibitors
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Self-citationThe Evolving Role of CD8+CD28− Immunosenescent T Cells in Cancer Immunology
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French Endocrine Society guidance on endocrine side effects of immunotherapy
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TCR-signaling events in cellular metabolism and specialization
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- Authors
- Bour‐Jordan, H., Esensten, J. H., Martinez‐Llordella, M., Penaranda, C., Stumpf, M., & Bluestone, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bluestone, Jeffrey A.
- Venue
- Immunological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-04-13
- Volume
- 241
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 180-205
- ISSN
- 0105-2896 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-065X
- PMC
- PMC3077803
- OpenAlex
- W1907829837
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 278
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Immunological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI035294, R01AI050834, R37AI046643)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK063720)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- peripheral T cell tolerance, CD28/B7 costimulation, CD28, CTLA-4, PD-1, interleukin-2, regulatory T cells, antigen-presenting cells, costimulatory pathways
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Autoimmune Diseases, Graft Rejection, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Antigens, CD, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, CD28 Antigens, B7-1 Antigen, Receptor Cross-Talk, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, CTLA-4 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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