Salivary cortisol measurement in developmental research: where do we go from here?
Abstract
Salivary cortisol has been measured extensively in developmental research over the last three decades. The purpose of this article is to summarize the contributions to and limitations of salivary cortisol measurement in developmental research and propose future directions for research that includes salivary cortisol measurement. The properties of cortisol, the history of its burgeoning popularity, and the utility and limitations of (a) cortisol as a biological indicator, (b) saliva as a source of cortisol, and (c) various saliva collection methodologies are described. The current state of understanding about what is and is not reliably predictable from cortisol is summarized and the value of salivary cortisol measurement in developmental research is discussed, addressing whether methodology could be driving research design. Recommendations are made for streamlining study design and reporting within developmental research.
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Healthy, typically developing humans show their highest cortisol concentrations in the morning and their lowest in the evening.
“Healthy, typically-developing humans should demonstrate their highest cortisol concentrations in the morning and their lowest in the evening (Clements, 2012).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Clements, 2012
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Additional file 1 of Cortisol profiles and clinical severity in MECP2 duplication syndrome
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- Authors
- Clements, A. D.
- Affiliations
- East Tennessee State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clements, Andrea D.
- ORCID
- Clements, Andrea D.
- Venue
- Developmental Psychobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 205-220
- ISSN
- 0012-1630 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2302
- OpenAlex
- W2029828403
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, cortisol measurement, saliva collection methods, bioindicators, developmental research, research design, reporting guidelines, methodological limitations
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Predictive Value of Tests, Saliva, Sex Factors, Biomarkers, Clinical Chemistry Tests
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