Cited by 767Hormonal and reproductive studiesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study

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MULLIGAN, T., FRICK, M. F., ZURAW, Q. C., STEMHAGEN, A., MCWHIRTER, C.·2008·International Journal of Clinical Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.xPMC PMC1569444

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Abstract

The Hypogonadism in Males study estimated the prevalence of hypogonadism [total testosterone (TT) < 300 ng/dl] in men aged > or = 45 years visiting primary care practices in the United States. A blood sample was obtained between 8 am and noon and assayed for TT, free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BAT). Common symptoms of hypogonadism, comorbid conditions, demographics and reason for visit were recorded. Of 2162 patients, 836 were hypogonadal, with 80 receiving testosterone. Crude prevalence rate of hypogonadism was 38.7%. Similar trends were observed for FT and BAT. Among men not receiving testosterone, 756 (36.3%) were hypogonadal; odds ratios for having hypogonadism were significantly higher in men with hypertension (1.84), hyperlipidaemia (1.47), diabetes (2.09), obesity (2.38), prostate disease (1.29) and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.40) than in men without these conditions. The prevalence of hypogonadism was 38.7% in men aged > or = 45 years presenting to primary care offices.

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Background
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Authors: MULLIGAN, T., FRICK, M. F., ZURAW, Q. C., STEMHAGEN, A., & MCWHIRTER, C.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Covance (United States) (US)
Solvay (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: MULLIGAN, T.
ORCID: MULLIGAN, T.
Venue: International Journal of Clinical Practice
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Published: 2008-10-09
Volume: 60
Issue: 7
Pages: 762-769
ISSN: 1368-5031 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.x
PMC: PMC1569444
OpenAlex: W1667402504
Cited by: 767
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 18.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 2518 d)
Locations: International Journal of Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: hypogonadism, androgen deficiency, prevalence, primary care, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, comorbidities, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, prostate diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, testosterone replacement therapy
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Middle Aged, Testosterone, United States, Prevalence

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Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study

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