Prevalence and incidence of androgen deficiency in middle-aged and older men: estimates from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study

Araujo, Andre B.; O’Donnell, Amy B.; Brambilla, Donald J.; Simpson, William B.; Longcope, Christopher; Matsumoto, Alvin M.; McKinlay, John B.

doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031719

Cited by 593Hormonal and reproductive studiesAdrenal Hormones and DisordersMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

Prevalence and incidence of androgen deficiency in middle-aged and older men: estimates from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study

Araujo, Andre B., O’Donnell, Amy B., Brambilla, Donald J., Simpson, William B., Longcope, Christopher, Matsumoto, Alvin M., McKinlay, John B.·2004·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2003-031719

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Abstract

Little is known about the descriptive epidemiology of androgen deficiency. In this study, we sought to address this issue by providing estimates of the crude and age-specific prevalence and incidence rates of androgen deficiency in a randomly sampled population-based cohort of middle-aged and older men. Data on androgen deficiency (defined using both signs/symptoms plus total and calculated free testosterone) were available for n = 1691 (baseline) and n = 1087 (follow-up) men from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Crude and age-specific prevalence and incidence rates were calculated. Based on these estimates, projections for the number of cases of androgen deficiency in the 40- to 69-yr-old U.S. male population were computed. Estimates of the crude prevalence of androgen deficiency at baseline and follow-up were 6.0 and 12.3%, respectively. Prevalence increased significantly with age. From baseline age-specific prevalence data, it is estimated that there are approximately 2.4 million 40- to 69-yr-old U.S. males with androgen deficiency. The crude incidence rate of androgen deficiency was 12.3 per 1,000 person-years, and the rate increased significantly (P < 0.0001) with age. Based on these incidence data, we can expect approximately 481,000 new cases of androgen deficiency per year in U.S. men 40-69 yr old.

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Testosterone deficiency is highly prevalent, with rates increasing with age from 4% in men aged 40-49 years to nearly 50% in men over 80 years, and some studies suggest a 17% increase per decade of life.
“Testosterone deficiency is highly prevalent, with rates increasing with age from 4% in men aged 40–49 years to nearly 50% in men over 80 years of age, with some studies suggesting a 17% increase in testosterone deficiency for every decade of life (2-4).”
From Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
Community prevalence estimates of potentially functional hypogonadism in middle-aged and older men vary from 2.1% to 12.3%.
“The community prevalence estimates of potentially functional hypogonadism in middle-aged and older men (also referred to as late-onset, age-related, or adult-onset hypogonadism) vary from 2.1% to 12.3% (8–10)”
From A Perspective on Middle-Aged and Older Men With Functional Hypogonadism: Focus on Holistic Management (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
In other observational studies of middle-aged and older men, symptoms and low testosterone also seldomly occurred together.
“In other observational studies of middle-aged and older men, symptoms and low testosterone also seldomly occurred together (Supplemental Fig. 1) (8–10).”
From A Perspective on Middle-Aged and Older Men With Functional Hypogonadism: Focus on Holistic Management (2017) · cites this paper as [8]

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Authors: Araujo, A. B., O’Donnell, A. B., Brambilla, D. J., Simpson, W. B., Longcope, C., Matsumoto, A. M., & McKinlay, J. B.
Affiliations: New England Research Institutes (A.B.A., A.B.O., D.J.B., W.B.S., J.B.M.), Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
New England Research Institutes (US)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: McKinlay, John B.
ORCID: Brambilla, Donald J.
Matsumoto, Alvin M.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2004-12-01
Volume: 89
Issue: 12
Pages: 5920-5926
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031719
OpenAlex: W2051191691
Cited by: 591
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 14.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (7p01ag004673-05)
National Institute on Aging (AG 04673)
National Cancer Institute (R01-CA770403)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 51345, R01DK044995, DK44995, R01DK051345)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords: androgen deficiency, hypogonadism, prevalence, incidence, middle-aged men, older men, free testosterone, age-specific prevalence, case projections, Massachusetts Male Aging Study
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aging, Androgens, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Testosterone, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Prevalence

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Prevalence and incidence of androgen deficiency in middle-aged and older men: estimates from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study

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