Vitamin D and the occurrence of depression: causal association or circumstantial evidence?
Open accessAbstract
While recent laboratory-based studies have substantially advanced our understanding of the action of vitamin D in the brain, much is still unknown concerning how vitamin D relates to mood. The few epidemiological studies of vitamin D and depression have produced inconsistent results and generally have had substantial methodological limitations. Recent findings from a randomized trial suggest that high doses of supplemental vitamin D may improve mild depressive symptoms, but important questions persist concerning how vitamin D may affect monoamine function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress, whether vitamin D supplementation can improve mood in individuals with moderate-to-severe depression, and whether vitamin D sufficiency is protective against incident depression and recurrence. At this time, it is premature to conclude that vitamin D status is related to the occurrence of depression. Additional prospective studies of this relationship are essential.
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Favorable effects from zinc supplementation on depression-related symptoms have been demonstrated in previous clinical trials.
“favorable effects from zinc supplementation on depression-related symptoms have been demonstrated in previous clinical trials (13,51,52)”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
The section on randomized supplementation trials reports changes in depressive symptoms after vitamin D, not zinc. A search of our copy for zinc and zinc-supplementation trials found no passage addressing the claimed effects of zinc. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Ranjbar et al, it was reported that serum levels of BDNF in depressed patients receiving zinc supplement did not increase.
“In Ranjbar et al, it was reported that serum levels of BDNF in depressed patients receiving zinc supplement did not increase (51).”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
The section on a randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation reports changes in depression scores, not serum BDNF after zinc supplementation. Searches for Ranjbar, zinc supplementation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Bertone-Johnson, E. R.
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 481-492
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4887
- PMC
- PMC2950608
- OpenAlex
- W2164305641
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH076274, MH076274)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D, depression, vitamin D supplementation, mood, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, depression recurrence, vitamin D sufficiency, causal relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Brain, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Premenstrual Syndrome, Stress, Psychological, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Biogenic Monoamines, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Receptors, Calcitriol, Mice
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