Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence

Hidaka, Brandon H.

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036

Cited by 769Mental Health Treatment and AccessHealth disparities and outcomesPsychological Treatments and Disorders

Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence

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Hidaka, Brandon H.·2012·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036PMC PMC3330161

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Abstract

There has been much speculation about modern environments causing an epidemic of depression. This review aims to (1) determine whether depression rates have increased and (2) review evidence for possible explanations. While available data indicate rising prevalence and an increased lifetime risk for younger cohorts, strong conclusions cannot be drawn due to conflicting results and methodological flaws. There are numerous potential explanations for changing rates of depression. Cross-cultural studies can be useful for identifying likely culprits. General and specific characteristics of modernization correlate with higher risk. A positive correlation between a country's GDP per capita, as a quantitative measure of modernization, and lifetime risk of a mood disorder trended toward significance (p=0.06). Mental and physical well-being are intimately related. The growing burden of chronic diseases, which arise from an evolutionary mismatch between past human environments and modern-day living, may be central to rising rates of depression. Declining social capital and greater inequality and loneliness are candidate mediators of a depressiogenic social milieu. Modern populations are increasingly overfed, malnourished, sedentary, sunlight-deficient, sleep-deprived, and socially-isolated. These changes in lifestyle each contribute to poor physical health and affect the incidence and treatment of depression. The review ends with a call for future research and policy interventions to address this public health crisis.

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Rates of major depressive disorder correlate with modernization of society, which may reflect increased circadian disruption or the interaction between circadian disruption and other environmental factors experienced in modernized countries.
“Notably, rates of MDD correlate with modernization of society67; which may reflect the increased circadian disruption (i.e., light at night, shift work, and jet lag) or the interaction between circadian disruption and other environmental factors experienced in modernized countries.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [67]
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Given evidence of growing trends of both social media use and depression, the study's findings are likely conservative estimates of current states.
“However, given evidence of the growing trends of both social media use (Greenwood et al., 2016) and depression (Hidaka, 2012), it is likely that our findings are conservative estimates of current states.”
From Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among U.S. young adults: A nationally-representative study (2017) · cites this paper as Hidaka, 2012

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“People often exhibit poor recall and under-report past depressive episodes in community samples (Bromet et al., 1986), especially milder episodes for which no treatment was received (Simon and VonKorff, 1995; Wells and Horwood, 2004).”
Background
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Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a systematic review of reviews
Lund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., Haushofer, J., Herrman, H., Jordans, M., Kieling, C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30060-9 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
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Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups
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Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among U.S. young adults: A nationally-representative study
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Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry
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Cross talk: the microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders
Kelly, J. R., Minuto, C., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., & Dinan, T. G. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00490 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The meaning-enhancing properties of psychedelics and their mediator role in psychedelic therapy, spirituality, and creativity
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Stress, burnout and depression: A systematic review on DNA methylation mechanisms
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Diet-Derived Fatty Acids, Brain Inflammation, and Mental Health
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The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity
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“Many have also suggested that lifestyle changes (e.g., greater sugar consumption, pro-inflammatory diets, increased self-focus) have increased rates of depression (e.g., Haroon et al., 2012; Hidaka, 2012; Lopresti et al., 2013).”
Background
A modified Mediterranean dietary intervention for adults with major depression: Dietary protocol and feasibility data from the SMILES trial
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Diversity in randomized clinical trials of depression: A 36-year review
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Democracy and Depression: A Cross-National Study of Depressive Symptoms and Nonparticipation
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Normative data and psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in a nationally representative Korean population
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Dim light at night increases depressive-like responses in male C3H/HeNHsd mice
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Authors: Hidaka, B. H.
Affiliations: University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Hidaka, Brandon H.
ORCID: Hidaka, Brandon H.
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-11
Volume: 140
Issue: 3
Pages: 205-214
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036
PMC: PMC3330161
OpenAlex: W2053913132
Cited by: 769
References: 174
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 2.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Center for Research Resources (P20RR016475)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
Keywords: depression, modernity, modernization, depression prevalence, mood disorders, GDP per capita, chronic disease, evolutionary mismatch, social capital, inequality, loneliness, lifestyle factors, sleep deprivation, malnutrition, sedentary behavior, social isolation, cross-cultural comparison, public health policy
MeSH terms: Depression, Humans, Life Style, Public Health, Social Change, Comorbidity, Incidence, Prevalence

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Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence

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