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Cited by 71Dental materials and restorationsOral microbiology and periodontitis researchDental Implant Techniques and Outcomes

Dental prostheses and tooth‐related factors

Open access
Ercoli, Carlo, Caton, Jack G.·2018·Journal of Clinical Periodontology
DOI 10.1111/jcpe.12950
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This narrative review summarizes the current evidence about the role that the fabrication and presence of dental prostheses and tooth-related factors have on the initiation and progression of gingivitis and periodontitis. FINDINGS: Placement of restoration margins within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with gingival inflammation and, potentially, recession. The presence of fixed prostheses finish lines within the gingival sulcus or the wearing of partial, removable dental prostheses does not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance. However, hypersensitivity reactions to the prosthesis dental material can be present. Procedures adopted for the fabrication of dental restorations and fixed prostheses have the potential to cause traumatic loss of periodontal supporting tissues. Tooth anatomic factors, root abnormalities, and fractures can act as plaque-retentive factors and increase the likelihood of gingivitis and periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth anatomic factors, such as root abnormalities and fractures, and tooth relationships in the dental arch and with the opposing dentition can enhance plaque retention. Restoration margins located within the gingival sulcus do not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance. Tooth-supported and/or tooth-retained restorations and their design, fabrication, delivery, and materials have often been associated with plaque retention and loss of attachment. Hypersensitivity reactions can occur to dental materials. Restoration margins placed within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with inflammation and, potentially, recession. However, the evidence in several of the reviewed areas, especially related to the biologic mechanisms by which these factors affect the periodontium, is not conclusive. This highlights the need for additional well-controlled animal studies to elucidate biologic mechanisms, as well as longitudinal prospective human trials. Adequate periodontal assessment and treatment, appropriate instructions, and motivation in self-performed plaque control and compliance to maintenance protocols appear to be the most important factors to limit or avoid potential negative effects on the periodontium caused by fixed and removable prostheses.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/jcpe.12950

Cites

195 of 195 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 121 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Biologic width dimensions (JE and SCTA) can only be assessed by histology.

    “Biologic width dimensions (JE and SCTA) can only be assessed by histology.3,4,11”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [3] 3. Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol. 1961;32:261-267. source
    • cites [4] 4. Vacek JS, Gher ME, Assad DA, Richardson AC, Giambarresi LI. The dimensions of the human dentogingival junction. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1994;14:154-165.
    • cites [11] 11. Xie GY, Chen JH, Wang H, Wang YJ. Morphological measurement of biologic width in Chinese people. J Oral Sci. 2007;49:197-200. source

      The Materials and Methods and Results describe measuring junctional epithelium and connective tissue attachment in stained tissue sections using a microscope. The paper does not state that histology is the only way to assess those dimensions; the word “only” goes beyond its findings. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The correlation between overhanging margins and probing depth, gingival inflammation, and interproximal bone loss was greater for larger overhangs.

    “The correlation between overhanging margins and PD, gingival inflammation, 23,24 and interproximal bone loss [25][26][27] was greater for larger overhangs.28”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Kells BE, Linden GJ. Overhanging amalgam restorations in young adults attending a periodontal department. J Dent. 1992;20:85-89. source
    • cites [24] 24. Lervik T, Riordan PJ, Haugejorden O. Periodontal disease and ap- proximal overhangs on amalgam restorations in Norwegian 21- year-olds. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984;12:264-268. source
    • cites [25][26][27]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [28] 28. Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH. Alveolar bone destruction due to overhanging amalgam in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1980;51:599-602. source
  • Premisenone given

    Tooth-supported and/or tooth-retained restorations and their design, fabrication, delivery, and materials have often been associated with plaque retention and loss of attachment.

    “Tooth-supported and/or tooth-retained restorations and their design, fabrication, delivery, and materials have often been associated with plaque retention and loss of attachment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationnone given

    Placement of restoration margins within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with gingival inflammation and, potentially, recession.

    “Placement of restoration margins within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with gingival inflammation and, potentially, recession.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Restoration margins placed within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with inflammation and, potentially, recession.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Given the limited available evidence in humans, it is not possible to determine if the negative effects on the periodontium associated with restoration margins located within the supracrestal tissue attachment is caused by bacterial plaque, trauma, or a combination of these factors.

    “Given the limited available evidence in humans, it is not possible to determine if the negative effects on the periodontium associated with restoration margins located within the supracrestal tissue attachment is caused by bacterial plaque, trauma, or a combination of these factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 35
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Root proximity in the maxilla is most prevalent between the first and second molar and between the central and lateral incisors; in the mandible, it is generally seen between the central and lateral incisors.

    “Root proximity (RP) in the maxilla is most prevalent between the first and second molar and between the central and lateral incisors; in the mandible, it is generally seen between the central and lateral incisors.190,191”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [190] 190. Vermylen K, De Quincey GN, van 't Hof MA, Wolffe GN, Renggli HH. Classification, reproducibility and prevalence of root proxim- ity in periodontal patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:254-259. source
    • cites [191] 191. Vermylen K, De Quincey GN, Wolffe GN, van 't Hof MA, Renggli HH. Root proximity as a risk marker for periodontal disease: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:260-265. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Hypersensitivity reactions to the prosthesis dental material can be present.

    “However, hypersensitivity reactions to the prosthesis dental material can be present.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Buccal crown margins placed within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment have been associated with recession, and histologic evaluation of these sites demonstrated crestal bone loss and supracrestal connective tissue remodeling within 0 to 8 weeks.

    “Buccal crown margins placed within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment have been associated with recession, and histologic evaluation of these sites demonstrated crestal bone loss and supracrestal connective tissue remodeling within 0 to 8 weeks.16”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] 16. Tarnow D, Stahl SS, Magner A, Zamzok J. Human gingival attach- ment responses to subgingival crown placement. Marginal remod- elling. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:563-569. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a prospective clinical trial comparing crowns with interproximal margins placed within varying distances from the alveolar bone crest, papillary bleeding index was greater in group 1 (<1 mm), which was associated with increased probing depths and encroachment of the crown margins within the supracrestal tissue attachment.

    “in a prospective clinical trial, comparing crowns with interproximal margins placed within varying distances from the alveolar bone crest (groups: I = < 1 mm between crown margin and alveolar crest, II = 1 to 2 mm, and III = > 2 mm) it was observed that, while the presence of supragingival plaque was not different among groups, papillary bleeding index (PBI) was greater in group 1, which was”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Gunay H, Seeger A, Tschernitschek H, Geurtsen W. Placement of the preparation line and periodontal health-a prospective 2-year clinical study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2000;20:171-181.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Hypersensitivity reactions can occur to dental materials.

    “Hypersensitivity reactions can occur to dental materials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For class II restorations, gingival inflammation is significantly greater around subgingival margins compared with supragingival margins, even when supragingival plaque levels are not significantly different from prerestoration levels.

    “For class II restorations, gingival inflammation is significantly greater around subgingival margins compared with supragingival margins, 18 even when supragingival plaque levels are not significantly different from prerestoration levels.19”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] 18. Schatzle M, Land NP, Anerud A, Boysen H, Burgin W, Loe H. The influence of margins of restorations of the periodontal tissues over 26 years. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28:57-64. source
    • cites [19] 19. Gullo CA, Powell RN. The effect of placement of cervical margins of class II amalgam restorations on plaque accumulation and gingi- val health. J Oral Rehabil. 1979;6:317-322. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other methods, such as transgingival probing and parallel profile radiography, can be used to clinically measure the dimensions of the dentogingival unit, but are not appropriate to measure the true biologic width.

    “Other methods, such as transgingival probing 10,[12][13][14] and parallel profile radiography, can be used to clinically measure the dimensions of the dentogingival unit, but are not appropriate to measure the true biologic width.6,15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites 10,[12][13][14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [6] 6. Alpiste-Illueca F. Dimensions of the dentogingival unit in maxillary anterior teeth: a new exploration technique (parallel profile radio- graph). Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2004;24:386-396.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [15] 15. Galgali SR, Gontiya G. Evaluation of an innovative radiographic technique-parallel profile radiography-to determine the dimen- sions of dentogingival unit. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22:237-241. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Adequate periodontal assessment and treatment, appropriate instructions, and motivation in self-performed plaque control and compliance to maintenance protocols appear to be the most important factors to limit or avoid potential negative effects on the periodontium caused by fixed and removable prostheses.

    “Adequate periodontal assessment and treatment, appropriate instructions, and motivation in self-performed plaque control and compliance to maintenance protocols appear to be the most important factors to limit or avoid potential negative effects on the periodontium caused by fixed and removable prostheses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The presence of fixed prostheses finish lines within the gingival sulcus or the wearing of partial, removable dental prostheses does not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance.

    “The presence of fixed prostheses finish lines within the gingival sulcus or the wearing of partial, removable dental prostheses does not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The limited case series was not designed to correlate the observed histologic changes to plaque indices or other mechanisms that could document, in humans, the biologic rationale for the observed changes.

    “However, this limited case series was not designed to correlate the observed histologic changes to plaque indices or other mechanisms that could document, in humans, the biologic rationale for the observed changes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The removal of overhangs during scaling and root planing causes a resolution of gingival inflammation and a decrease in probing depth due to gingival recession similar to the resolution of gingivitis.

    “The removal of the overhangs during scaling and root planing causes a resolution of the gingival inflammation 29 and a decrease in PD due to gingival recession (GR) 30 similar to the resolution of gingivitis.31”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [29] 29. Rodriguez-Ferrer HJ, Strahan JD, Newman HN. Effect of gingival health of removing overhanging margins of interproximal subgin- gival amalgam restorations. J Clin Periodontol. 1980;7:457-462. source
    • cites [30] 30. Gorzo I, Newman HN, Strahan JD. Amalgam restorations, plaque removal and periodontal health. J Clin Periodontol. 1979;6:98-105. source
    • cites [31] 31. Caton J, Bouwsma O, Polson A, Espeland M. Effects of personal oral hygiene and subgingival scaling on bleeding interdental gin- giva. J Periodontol. 1989;60:84-90. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Longitudinal studies of distal extension removable dental prostheses indicate that a favorable periodontal prognosis may be expected provided periodontal disease is treated and adequate preprosthetic plaque control established, periodontal health and oral hygiene maintained through self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance, and patient's motivation reinforced to enhance compliance.

    “Longitudinal studies of distal extension RDPs indicate that a favorable periodontal prognosis may be expected provided the following conditions are satisfied: 1) periodontal disease, if present, is treated and an adequate preprosthetic plaque control regimen established; 2) periodontal health and oral hygiene are maintained through selfperformed plaque control measures 104 and periodic maintenance”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 9 sources checked
    • cites [104] 104. Tinanoff N, Manwell MA, Zameck RL, Grasso JE. Clinical and mi- crobiological effects of daily brushing with either NaF or SnF2 gels in subjects with fixed or removable dental prostheses. J Clin Periodontol. 1989;16:284-290. source
    • cites [105] 105. Berg E. Periodontal problems associated with use of distal exten- sion removable partial dentures -A matter of construction. J Oral Rehabil. 1985;12:369-379. source
    • cites [106] 106. Vanzeveren C, D'Hoore W, Bercy P. Influence of removable partial denture on periodontal indices and microbiological status. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29:232-239. source
    • cites [107] 107. Akaltan F, Kaynak D. An evaluation of the effects of two distal extension removable partial denture designs on tooth stabilization and periodontal health. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32:823-829. source
    • cites [108] 108. Bergman B, Hugoson A, Olsson CO. Caries, periodontal and pros- thetic findings in patients with removable partial dentures: a ten- year longitudinal study. J Prosthet Dent. 1982;48:506-514. source
    • cites [109] 109. Milward P, Katechia D, Morgan MZ. Knowledge of removable partial denture wearers on denture hygiene. Br Dent J. 2013;215(10):E20. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.1095. Published online ahead of print November 14, 2013. source
    • cites [110] 110. Chandler JA, Brudvik JS. Clinical evaluation of patients eight to nine years after placement of removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;51:736-743. source
    • cites [111] 111. McHenry KR, Johansson OE, Christersson LA. The effect of re- movable partial denture framework design on gingival inflamma- tion: a clinical model. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;68:799-803. source
    • cites [112] 112. Ogunrinde TJ, Dosumu OO, Shaba OP, Akeredolu PA, Ajayi MD. The influence of the design of mandibular major connectors on gingival health. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2014;43:29-33.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The anatomy of the periodontium of teeth receiving crowns should be evaluated to minimize the likelihood of gingival recession because the presence of an initial shallow probing depth and narrow band of gingiva negatively influenced the level of periodontal attachment after crown delivery.

    “The anatomy of the periodontium of teeth receiving crowns should be evaluated to minimize the likelihood of gingival recession because the presence of an initial shallow PD and narrow band of gingiva negatively influenced the level of periodontal attachment after crown delivery.69”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] 69. Stetler KJ, Bissada NF. Significance of the width of keratinized gingiva on the periodontal status of teeth with submarginal resto- rations. J Periodontol. 1987;58:696-700. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    This response could be potentially affected, not only by the type of material, but also by the surface characteristics, such as surface-free energy and roughness, among others, that act as confounding variables.

    “However, this response could be potentially affected, not only by the type of material, but also by the surface characteristics, such as surface-free energy and roughness, among others, that act as confounding variables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A minimum roughness threshold (Ra < 0.2 μm) has been suggested, with increases in plaque retention expected above this threshold, but no reduction for lower Ra values.

    “For the latter, a minimum roughness threshold (Ra < 0.2 μm) has been suggested, with increases in plaque retention expected above this threshold, but no reduction for lower Ra values.74”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] 74. Quirynen M, Marechal M, Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH, Darius PL, van Steenberghe D. The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17:138-144. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The available literature supports the conclusion that a direct restoration with subgingival margins can be associated with localized gingivitis and increases in probing depth.

    “The available literature supports the conclusion that a direct restoration with subgingival margins can be associated with localized gingivitis and increases in PD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other studies showed that subgingival margins were associated with increased signs of gingival inflammation and, at times, increases in probing depth.

    “Other studies showed that subgingival margins were associated with increased signs of gingival inflammation [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and, at times, increases in PD. [43][44][45][46][47]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [43][44][45][46][47]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A study has shown no changes in probing depth, but increases in plaque levels and gingival inflammation in patients wearing removable dental prostheses.

    “A study has shown no changes in PD, but increases in plaque levels and gingival inflammation in patients wearing RDPs.101”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] 101. Isidor F, Budtz-Jorgensen E. Periodontal conditions following treatment with distally extending cantilever bridges or removable partial dentures in elderly patients. A 5-year study. J Periodontol. 1990;61:21-26. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Metal ions and metal particles can be released from dental alloys and can be found locally within plaque, the periodontium, and in contact stomatitis, often with a lichenoid-type appearance.

    “Metal ions and metal particles can also be released from dental alloys and can be found locally within plaque, the periodontum, and that does not respond to adequate measures of plaque control, and contact stomatitis, often with a lichenoid-type appearance.[90][91][92][93]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90][91][92][93]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Permanent changes to the periodontium, such as gingival recession, could occur when subgingival margins are adopted for prosthesis design; however, they appear to be mostly related to trauma to the periodontium exerted by the procedures, instruments, and materials required to place and record the margins in a subgingival location, rather than the nominal position of the margin.

    “Permanent changes to the periodontium, such as gingival recession, could occur when subgingival margins are adopted for prosthesis design; however, they appear to be mostly related to trauma to the periodontium exerted by the procedures, instruments, and materials required to place and record the margins in a subgingival location, rather than the nominal position of the margin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The elimination of amalgam overhangs during periodontal therapy caused a decrease of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and increase of Streptococcus mutans.

    “the elimination of amalgam overhangs during periodontal therapy caused a decrease of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and increase of Streptococcus mutans.33”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] 33. Roman-Torres CV, Cortelli SC, de Araujo MW, Aquino DR, Cortelli JR. A short-term clinical and microbial evaluation of periodontal therapy associated with amalgam overhang removal. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1591-1597. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Other authors have reported that when the patient was adequately instructed on self-performed plaque control and seen at frequent periodic maintenance visits, there was a decrease in plaque levels and gingival inflammation.

    “Other authors have reported that when the patient was adequately instructed on self-performed plaque control and seen at frequent periodic maintenance visits, there was a decrease in plaque levels and gingival inflammation.102”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [102] 102. Ribeiro DG, Pavarina AC, Giampaolo ET, Machado AL, Jorge JH, Garcia PP. Effect of oral hygiene education and motiva- tion on removable partial denture wearers: longitudinal study. Gerodontology. 2009;26:150-156. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Teeth restored with a variety of dental materials, when compared with enamel, had similar plaque levels, gingival inflammation, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1ra levels, and in a 10-day gingivitis experiment showed no difference for the same parameters.

    “Teeth restored with a variety of dental materials, when compared with enamel, had similar plaque levels, gingival inflammation, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1ra levels, but most important, in a 10-day gingivitis experiment, showed no difference for the same parameters. 49,77”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] 49. Konradsson K, Claesson R, van Dijken JW. Dental biofilm, gingi- vitis and interleukin-1 adjacent to approximal sites of a bonded ceramic. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34:1062-1067. source
    • cites [77] 77. Konradsson K, van Dijken JW. Interleukin-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid adjacent to restorations of calcium aluminate ce- ment and resin composite. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:462-466. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fractures located within the midroot and apical regions were shown in a 10-year study to have a very favorable prognosis (78% and 89% tooth survival, respectively), while fractures located within the cervical one-third of the root had a significantly worse prognosis for tooth retention (33%).

    “While fractures located within the midroot and apical regions were shown in a 10-year study to have a very favorable prognosis (78% and 89% tooth survival, respectively), fractures located within the cervical one-third of the root had a significantly worse prognosis for tooth retention (33%).[154][155][156]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [154][155][156]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Forty-three percent of grooves do not extend more than 5 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction and only 10% are present 10 mm or more apical the cemento-enamel junction.

    “Forty-three percent of grooves do not extend more than 5 mm apical to the CEJ and only 10% are present 10 mm or more apical the CEJ.146”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [146] 146. Kogon SL. The prevalence, location and conformation of pa- lato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors. J Periodontol. 1986;57:231-234. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cross-bite, misalignment/rotation of a tooth, and crowding of the maxillary and mandibular anterior sextant have been shown to be associated with increased plaque retention and gingivitis, greater probing depth, and bone and clinical attachment loss.

    “Cross-bite, 172,173 misalignment/rotation of a tooth, 174 and crowding of the maxillary 175 and mandibular anterior sextant 176 have been shown to be associated with increased plaque retention 176 and gingivitis, greater PD, and bone 177 and clinical attachment loss.178”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [172] 172. al-Jasser N, Hashim H. Periodontal findings in cases of incisor cross-bite. Clin Pediatr Dent. 1995;19:285-287.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [173] 173. Behlfelt K, Eriksson L, Jacobson L, Linder-Aronson S. The occurrence of plaque and gingivitis and its relationship to tooth alignment within the dental arches. J Clin Periodontol. 1981;8:329-337. source
    • cites [174] 174. Ainamo J. Relationship between malalignment of the teeth and periodontal disease. Scand J Dent Res. 1972;80:104-110. source
    • cites [175] 175. Helm S, Petersen PE. Causal relation between malocclusion and periodontal health. Acta Odontol Scand. 1989;47:223-228. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Limited short-term evidence suggests that fractures located within the anatomic crown or slightly into the cervical third of the root can be successfully repaired with adhesive techniques and that periodontal parameters, such as plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level, are not different than control teeth.

    “Limited short-term evidence suggests that fractures located within the anatomic crown or slightly into the cervical third of the root can be successfully repaired with adhesive techniques and that periodontal parameters, such as plaque index, gingival index (GI), PD, and clinical attachment level, are not different than control teeth.[157][158][159]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [157][158][159]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cemental tears are localized areas of cementum detachment from the underlying dentin and can potentially lead to localized periodontal breakdown, although the biologic mechanism involved has not been elucidated.

    “Cemental tears are localized areas of cementum detachment from the underlying dentin and can potentially lead to localized periodontal breakdown, although the biologic mechanism involved has not been elucidated.170,171”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [170] 170. Haney JM, Leknes KN, Lie T, Selvig KA, Wikesjo UM. Cemental tear related to rapid periodontal breakdown -A case report. J Periodontol. 1992;63:220-224. source
    • cites [171] 171. Ishikawa I, Oda S, Hayashi J, Arakawa S. Cervical cemental tears in older patients with adult periodontitis. Case reports. J Periodontol. 1996;67:15-20. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The most frequent developmental groove appears to be the palatal groove, most often located in the maxillary lateral incisor with a prevalence of 1% to 8.5% at the subject level and 2.2% at the tooth level.

    “The most frequent developmental groove appears to be the palatal groove, most often located in the maxillary lateral incisor with a prevalence of 1% to 8.5% at the subject level and 2.2% at the tooth level.145”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] 145. Withers JA, Brunsvold MA, Killoy WJ, Rahe AJ. The relationship of palato-gingival grooves to localized periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1981;52:41-44. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Adequate periodontal assessment and treatment, instructions and motivation in self-performed plaque control, and compliance with maintenance protocols appear to be the most important factors to limit or avoid potential negative effects on the periodontium associated with fixed and removable prostheses.

    “Adequate periodontal assessment and treatment, instructions and motivation in self-performed plaque control, and compliance with maintenance protocols appear to be the most important factors to limit or avoid potential negative effects on the periodontium associated with fixed and removable prostheses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    While the prevalence of grade III cervical enamel projections varies in the literature from 4.3% to 6.3%, these types of cervical enamel projections might be more detrimental to the furcation periodontal tissues than grade I and II cervical enamel projections.

    “While the prevalence of grade III CEP varies in the literature from 4.3% to 6.3%, these types of CEP might be more detrimental to the furcation periodontal tissues than grade I and II CEP.136,139”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [136] 136. Hou GL, Tsai CC. Relationship between periodontal furcation in- volvement and molar cervical enamel projections. J Periodontol. 1987;58:715-721. source
    • cites [139] 139. Blanchard SB, Derderian GM, Averitt TR, John V, Newell DH. Cervical enamel projections and associated pouch-like opening in mandibular furcations. J Periodontol. 2012;83:198-203. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Plaque retention at such sites can cause gingivitis and periodontitis.

    “Plaque retention at such sites can cause gingivitis and periodontitis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If tooth fractures occur coronal to the gingival margin and do not extend to parts of the tooth surrounded by periodontal tissues, they do not initiate gingivitis or periodontitis, unless the surface characteristics of the fracture area predispose to greater plaque retention.

    “If tooth fractures occur coronal to the gingival margin and do not extend to parts of the tooth surrounded by periodontal tissues, they do not initiate gingivitis or periodontitis, unless the surface characteristics of the fracture area predispose to greater plaque retention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Enamel pearls are generally spheroidal in shape, occur in roughly 1% to 5.7% of all molar teeth, vary in dimension from 0.3 to 2 mm, and occur most often isolated on a tooth, potentially localized in the furcation area of molars.

    “Enamel pearls are generally spheroidal in shape, occur in roughly 1% to 5.7% of all molar teeth, 140-142 vary in dimension from 0.3 to 2 mm, and occur most often isolated on a tooth, potentially localized in the furcation area of molars.133,142-144”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [140] 140. Moskow BS, Canut PM. Studies on root enamel (2). Enamel pearls. A review of their morphology, localization nomenclature, occur- rence, classification, histogenesis and incidence. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17:275-281. source
    • cites [141] 141. Kao MC, Lin CL, Kung CY, Huang YF, Kuo WC. Miniature endo- scopic optical coherence tomography for calculus detection. Appl Opt. 2015;54:7419-7423. source
    • cites [142] 142. Risnes S. The prevalence, location, and size of enamel pearls on human molars. Scand J Dent Res. 1974;82:403-412. source
    • cites [133] 133. Shiloah J, Kopczyk RA. Developmental variations of tooth morphol- ogy and periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979;99:627-630. source
    • cites [143] 143. Goldstein AR. Enamel pearls as a contributing factor in periodontal breakdown. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979;99:210-211. source
    • cites [144] 144. Cavanha AO. Enamel pearls. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1965;19:373-382. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Since fractures located within the cervical third of a root have a more likely possibility of being colonized by subgingival plaque, they can act as plaque-retentive factors and indirectly cause gingivitis and periodontitis.

    “Since fractures located within the cervical third of a root have a more likely possibility of being colonized by subgingival plaque, they can act as plaque-retentive factors and indirectly cause gingivitis and periodontitis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    While the presence of open contacts was not a factor directly associated with increased gingival index and probing depth, the statistically greater occurrence of food impaction at sites with open contacts was associated with increased probing depth in these areas.

    “From a periodontal standpoint, while the presence of open contacts was not a factor directly associated with increased GI and PD, the statistically greater occurrence of food impaction at sites with open contacts was associated with increased PD in these areas.196,197”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [196] 196. Hancock EB, Mayo CV, Schwab RR, Wirthlin MR. Influence of interdental contacts on periodontal status. J Periodontol. 1980;51:445-449. source
    • cites [197] 197. Jernberg GR, Bakdash MB, Keenan KM. Relationship be- tween proximal tooth open contacts and periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1983;54:529-533. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grooves are also present on other teeth and mostly in the interproximal areas, with few of these grooves extending to the tooth apex.

    “Grooves are also present on other teeth 151,152 and mostly in the interproximal areas, with few of these grooves extending to the tooth apex.153”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [151] 151. Dababneh R, Rodan R. Anatomical landmarks of maxillary bifur- cated first premolars and their influence on periodontal diagnosis and treatment. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2013;15:8-15.
    • cites [152] 152. Gher ME, Vernino AR. Root morphology-Clinical significance in pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 1980;101:627-633. source
    • cites [153] 153. Albaricci MF, de Toledo BE, Zuza EP, Gomes DA, Rosetti EP. Prevalence and features of palato-radicular grooves: an in-vitro study. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2008;10:2-5.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A longitudinal 10-year clinical study concluded that while an interproximal root distance of mandibular central and lateral incisors > 0.8 mm was not associated with a more apical position of the interproximal bone, an interproximal root distance > 0.8 mm was associated, even when controlled for age, smoking, plaque, and calculus, with interproximal crestal bone loss, and sites with interproximal根

    “More recently, however, a longitudinal 10-year clinical study concluded that, while an interproximal root distance (IRD) of mandibular central and lateral incisors > 0.8 mm was not associated with a more apical position of the interproximal bone, an IRD > 0.8 mm was associated, even when controlled for age, smoking, plaque, and calculus, with interproximal crestal bone loss, and sites with IRDs <”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [194] 194. Kim T, Miyamoto T, Nunn ME, Garcia RI, Dietrich T. Root proximity as a risk factor for progression of alveolar bone loss: the Veterans Affairs dental longitudinal study. J Periodontol. 2008;79:654-659. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tooth position and periodontal biotype and their interaction can be factors that influence the likelihood of mucogingival deformities, as a thin periodontal biotype has a significantly thinner labial bone plate, narrower gingival width, and greater apico-coronal distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar crest.

    “Tooth position and periodontal biotype and their interaction 182 can also be factors that influence the likelihood of mucogingival deformities, as it has been shown that a thin periodontal biotype has a significantly thinner labial bone plate, narrower gingival width, and greater apico-coronal distance between the CEJ and the alveolar crest.183”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [182] 182. Zawawi KH, Al-Zahrani MS. Gingival biotype in relation to incisors' inclination and position. Saudi Med J. 2014;35:1378-1383. source
    • cites [183] 183. Cook DR, Mealey BL, Verrett RG, et al. Relationship between clini- cal periodontal biotype and labial plate thickness: an in vivo study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2011;31:345-354.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Root proximity has been defined and measured in different ways in the literature, therefore producing inconsistent conclusions on its effect on the periodontium.

    “However, RP has been defined and measured in different ways in the literature, therefore producing inconsistent conclusions on its effect on the periodontum.192,193”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [192] 192. Trossello VK, Gianelly AA. Orthodontic treatment and periodontal status. J Periodontol. 1979;50:665-671. source
    • cites [193] 193. Årtun J, Kokich VG, Osterberg SK. Long-term effect of root prox- imity on periodontal health after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:125-130. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vertical root fractures occur most often on endodontically treated teeth, although they can be present on non-endodontically treated teeth, especially molars and premolars, as a result of apical extensions of coronal tooth fractures.

    “They occur most often on endodontically treated teeth, although they can be present on non-endodontically treated teeth, especially molars and premolars, as a result of apical extensions of coronal tooth fractures.160”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [160] 160. Chan CP, Lin CP, Tseng SC, Jeng JH. Vertical root fracture in end- odontically versus nonendodontically treated teeth. A survey of 315 cases in Chinese patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;87:504-507. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    When root resorption is located within the cervical third of the root, it can easily communicate with the subgingival microbial ecosystem.

    “When root resorption is located within the cervical third of the root, it can easily communicate with the subgingival microbial ecosystem.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When controlling for the presence of furcation invasion, cervical enamel projections were found in 82.5% and 17.5% of molars with and without furcation invasion, respectively, with prevalence for cervical enamel projections associated with furcation invasion ranging from 63.2% to 90% and only one study finding no greater significant association.

    “When controlling for the presence of furcation invasion (FI), CEP were found in 82.5% and 17.5% of molars with and without FI, respectively, 136 with prevalence for CEP associated with FI ranging from 63.2% to 90% 130,137,138 and only one study finding no greater significant association between CEP compared with FI. 134”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [136] 136. Hou GL, Tsai CC. Relationship between periodontal furcation in- volvement and molar cervical enamel projections. J Periodontol. 1987;58:715-721. source
    • cites [130] 130. Masters DH, Hoskins SW. Projection of cervical enamel into molar furcations. J Periodontol. 1964;35:49-53. source
    • cites [137] 137. Hou GL, Tsai CC. Cervical enamel projection and intermediate bi- furcational ridge correlated with molar furcation involvements. J Periodontol. 1997;68:687-693. source
    • cites [138] 138. Zee KY, Bratthall G. Prevalence of cervical enamel projection and its correlation with furcation involvement in Eskimos dry skulls. Swed Dent J. 2003;27:43-48.
    • cites [134] 134. Leib AM, Berdon JK, Sabes WR. Furcation involvements cor- related with enamel projections from the cementoenamel junc- tion. J Periodontol. 1967;38:330-334. source
43 of 43

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Barboza EP, 2008, Supracrestal gingival tissue measurement in healthy human periodontum, Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 28, 55
  2. Bjorn AL, 1969, Marginal fit of restorations and its relation to periodontal bone level. I. Metal fillings, Odontol Revy, 20, 311
  3. Ogunrinde TJ, 2014, The influence of the design of mandibular major connectors on gingival health, Afr J Med Med Sci, 43, 29
  4. Bartok RI, 2012, External radicular resorption: selected cases and review of the literature, J Med Life, 5, 145
  5. El‐Mangoury NH, 1987, Mandibular anterior crowding and periodontal disease, Angle Orthod, 57, 33
  6. Jacobson L, 1972, Crowding and gingivitis: a comparison between mouth breathers and nose breathers, Scand J Dent Res, 80, 500

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ercoli, C., & Caton, J. G.
Affiliations
University of Rochester Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Ercoli, Carlo
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Clinical Periodontology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-06
Volume
45
Issue
S20
Pages
S207-S218
ISSN
  • 0303-6979 (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-051X
DOI
10.1111/jcpe.12950
OpenAlex
W4211100337
Cited by
67
References
194
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4
FWCI
1.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 19 d)
Locations
  • Journal Of Clinical Periodontology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
Keywords
prosthodontics, gingivitis, periodontitis, restoration margins, junctional epithelium, gingival recession, plaque retention, tooth fracture, removable partial dentures, fixed prostheses, plaque control, periodontal maintenance
MeSH terms
Dental Plaque, Gingivitis, Humans, Periodontitis, Prospective Studies, Dental Prosthesis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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