Photoprotection of the future: Challenges and opportunities
Open accessAbstract
The use of sunscreens is an important and essential component of photoprotection. Since their introduction during the first half of the last century, sunscreens have benefited enormously from major technological advances such as the development of novel UV filters; as a result, their efficacy in preventing UV‐induced erythema is unequivocal. More recently, however, new challenges have appeared, which have prompted a robust discussion about the safety of sunscreens. These include topics directly related to photoprotection of human skin such as improved/alternative methods for standardization of assessment of the efficacy of sunscreens, but also many others such as photoprotection beyond UV, concerns about human toxicity and ecological safety, the potential of oral photoprotective measures, consequences of innovative galenic formulations. On a first glance, some of these might raise questions and doubts among dermatologists, physicians and the general public about the use sunscreens as a means of photoprotection. This situation has prompted us to critically review such challenges, but also opportunities, based on existing scientific evidence. We conclude by providing our vision about how such challenges can be met best in the future in an attempt to create the ideal sunscreen, which should provide adequate and balanced protection and be easy and safe to use.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several improvements in sunscreens have been made in recent decades aiming at new UV filters with increased photoprotective effectiveness, photostability, environmental and human safety, and improved sensory properties.
“Several improvements in sunscreens were made in recent decades, particularly aiming to obtain new UV filters with increased photoprotective effectiveness, photostability, environmental and human safety, and improved sensory properties [98].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [98]
The Introduction describes advances that led to broad-spectrum sunscreens, and the Abstract links novel UV filters to improved efficacy. The sections on environmental safety and cosmetic properties discuss those goals for future sunscreens. But the Balance of wavelength-specific protection section mentions photostability only as a factor affecting real-world performance; the copy does not establish that recent improvements in UV filters increased photostability, human safety, and sensory properties as the sentence implies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up
Green, A. C., Williams, G. M., Logan, V., & Strutton, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.28.7078 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Formation of UV-induced DNA damage contributing to skin cancer development
Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2018) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c7pp00395a · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use
van der Pols, J. C., Williams, G. M., Pandeya, N., Logan, V., & Green, A. C. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0352 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin.
Mahmoud, B., Ruvolo, E., Hexsel, C., Liu, Y., Owen, M., Kollias, N., Lim, H., & Hamzavi, I. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.95 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationNew insights in photoaging, UVA induced damage and skin types
Battie, C., Jitsukawa, S., Bernerd, F., Del Bino, S., Marionnet, C., & Verschoore, M. (2014) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12388 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Matta, M. K., Zusterzeel, R., Pilli, N. R., Patel, V., Volpe, D. A., Florian, J., Oh, L., Bashaw, E., Zineh, I., Sanabria, C., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.5586 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Melanocytes Sense Blue Light and Regulate Pigmentation through Opsin-3.
Regazzetti, C., Sormani, L., Debayle, D., Bernerd, F., Tulic, M., de Donatis, G. D., Chignon-Sicard, B., Rocchi, S., & Passeron, T. (2018) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.833 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide
Schneider, S., & Lim, H. (2018) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12439 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of environmental effects of oxybenzone and other sunscreen active ingredients
Schneider, S., & Lim, H. (2019) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.06.033 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationMelasma, a photoaging disorder
Passeron, T., & Picardo, M. (2018) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12684 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationKrutmann, J. (2000) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(99)00077-8 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationDarlington, S., Williams, G., Neale, R., Frost, C., & Green, A. (2003) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.139.4.451 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Mitchelmore, C. L., He, K., Gonsior, M., Hain, E., Heyes, A., Clark, C., Younger, R., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Feerick, A., Conway, A., et al. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.034 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Infrared radiation-induced matrix metalloproteinase in human skin: implications for protection.
Schroeder, P., Lademann, J., Darvin, M., Stege, H., Marks, C., Bruhnke, S., & Krutmann, J. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2008.116 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationAfamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Langendonk, J., Balwani, M., Anderson, K., Bonkovsky, H., Anstey, A., Bissell, D., Bloomer, J., Edwards, C., Neumann, N., Parker, C., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1411481 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationYamaguchi, Y., Takahashi, K., Zmudzka, B. Z., Kornhauser, A., Miller, S. A., Tadokoro, T., Berens, W., Beer, J. Z., Hearing, V. J., Yamaguchi, Y., et al. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-5725fje · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status
Passeron, T., Bouillon, R., Callender, V., Cestari, T., Diepgen, T. L., Green, A. C., van der Pols, J. C., Bernard, B. A., Ly, F., Bernerd, F., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.17992 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationDuteil, L., Cardot-Leccia, N., Queille-Roussel, C., Maubert, Y., Harmelin, Y., Boukari, F., Ambrosetti, D., Lacour, J., & Passeron, T. (2014) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12273 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationBrazilian Consensus on Photoprotection
Schalka, S., Steiner, D., Ravelli, F. N., Steiner, T. A., Terena, A. C., Marçon, C. R., Ayres, E. L., Addor, F. A. S., Miot, H. A., Ponzio, H. A. S., et al. (2014) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143971 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationGrether-Beck, S., Marini, A., Jaenicke, T., Stahl, W., & Krutmann, J. (2017) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.15080 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationNano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health?
Nohynek, G., & Dufour, E. (2012) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0831-5 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Boukari, F., Jourdan, E., Fontas, E., Montaudié, H., Castela, E., Lacour, J., & Passeron, T. (2015) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.023 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationOral nicotinamide reduces actinic keratoses in phase II double-blinded randomized controlled trials.
Surjana, D., Halliday, G., Martin, A., Moloney, F., & Damian, D. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.459 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Protection from Sunburn with β‐Carotene—A Meta‐analysis<sup>†</sup>
Köpcke, W., & Krutmann, J. (2008) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00253.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationSynergistic effects of long-wavelength ultraviolet A1 and visible light on pigmentation and erythema
Kohli, I., Chaowattanapanit, S., Mohammad, T. F., Nicholson, C. L., Fatima, S., Jacobsen, G., Kollias, N., Lim, H. W., & Hamzavi, I. H. (2018) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.15940 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of sunscreen on vitamin D: a review
Neale, R. E., Khan, S. R., Lucas, R. M., Waterhouse, M., Whiteman, D. C., & Olsen, C. M. (2019) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.17980 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sun protection factors: world wide confusion
Osterwalder, U., & Herzog, B. (2009) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09506.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Effects of altitude and latitude on ambient UVB radiation.
Rigel, D. S., Rigel, E. G., & Rigel, A. C. (1999) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70542-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Delinasios, G. J., Karbaschi, M., Cooke, M. S., & Young, A. R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18924-4 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Pigmentation effects of solar‐simulated radiation as compared with UVA and UVB radiation
Wolber, R., Schlenz, K., Wakamatsu, K., Smuda, C., Nakanishi, Y., Hearing, V., & Ito, S. (2008) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00470.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Lifetime cost-effectiveness of skin cancer prevention through promotion of daily sunscreen use.
Hirst, N. G., Gordon, L., Scuffham, P., & Green, A. (2012) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.10.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The impact of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet B response: A human clinical study
Kohli, I., Shafi, R., Isedeh, P., Griffith, J. L., Al-Jamal, M. S., Silpa-archa, N., Jackson, B., Athar, M., Kollias, N., Elmets, C. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.044 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationFator de proteção solar: significado e controvérsias
Schalka, S., & dos Reis, V. M. S. (2011) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/s0365-05962011000300013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationGrether‐Beck, S., Marini, A., Jaenicke, T., & Krutmann, J. (2015) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12375 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationOuyang, H., Stanfield, J., Cole, C., Appa, Y., & Rigel, D. (2012) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.029 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Risk factors associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicentre case–control study
Moreno-Arrones, O., Saceda-Corralo, D., Rodrigues-Barata, A. R., Castellanos-González, M., Fernández-Pugnaire, M., Grimalt, R., Hermosa-Gelbard, Á., Bernárdez, C., Molina-Ruiz, A., Ormaechea-Pérez, N., et al. (2018) · Clincal and Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ced.13785 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Williams, J. D., Maitra, P., Atillasoy, E., Wu, M.-M.-A., Farberg, A. S., & Rigel, D. (2017) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.062 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A method to assess the protective efficacy of sunscreens against visible light‐induced pigmentation
Duteil, L., Esdaile, J., Maubert, Y., Cathelineau, A., Bouloc, A., Queille-Roussel, C., & Passeron, T. (2017) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12325 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationOral and systemic photoprotection
Chen, A. C., Damian, D., & Halliday, G. (2014) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12100 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
New data on hyperpigmentation disorders
Schalka, S. (2017) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.14411 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationHealthcare providers' sun-protection promotion and at-risk clients' skin-cancer-prevention outcomes.
Robinson, J. D., Silk, K., Parrott, R., Steiner, C., Morris, S. M., & Honeycutt, C. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.10.003 · Cited by 51
Sunscreen and facial skincare products in frontal fibrosing alopecia: a case–control study
Cranwell, W., & Sinclair, R. (2019) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.17354 · Cited by 43
Osmond-McLeod, M., Oytam, Y., Rowe, A., Sobhanmanesh, F., Greenoak, G., Kirby, J., McInnes, E. F., & Mccall, M. (2015) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0154-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prolonged Prevention of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin by Regular Sunscreen Use
Thiers, B. (2008) · doi:10.1016/s0093-3619(08)70934-1 · Cited by 38
Development and validation of a reproducible model for studying post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation
Passeron, T., Nouveau, S., Duval, C., Cardot-Leccia, N., Piffaut, V., Bourreau, E., Queille-Roussel, C., & Bernerd, F. (2018) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12692 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationUltraviolet radiation and cutaneous melanoma: a historical perspective
Autier, P., & Doré, J. (2019) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/cmr.0000000000000609 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sun protection factor measurement of sunscreens is dependent on minimal erythema dose
Damian, Halliday, & StC.barnetson (1999) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03045.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Draelos, Z. (2006) · Dermatologia clinica · doi:10.1016/j.det.2005.09.001 · Cited by 31
Schieke, S., Ruwiedel, K., Gers-Barlag, H., Grether-Beck, S., & Krutmann, J. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23671.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHybrid Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy: Non-Erythemal in vivo Testing of Sun Protection Factor
Rohr, M., Ernst, N., & Schrader, A. (2018) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000488249 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A brief illustrated history on sunscreens and sun protection
Svarc, F. (2015) · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0303 · Cited by 23
Consumer acceptability and compliance: the next frontier in sunscreen innovation
Wang, S. Q., Virmani, P., & Lim, H. (2016) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12211 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationThe key question of irradiance when it comes to the effects of visible light in the skin.
Passeron, T. (2019) · Journal of dermatological science (Amsterdam) · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.11.011 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Ideal Spectral Profile of Topical Sunscreens
Diffey, B., & Brown, M. (2012) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01084.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Three-tier testing approach for optimal ocular tolerance sunscreen
Narda, M., Ramos-López, D., Mun, G., Valderas-Martínez, P., & Granger, C. (2019) · Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15569527.2019.1601106 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationGranger, C., Krutmann, J., Bustos, J., Sola, Y., Hosenally, M., Trullàs, C., Andres, P., & Passeron, T. (2019) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-019-00315-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTrullàs, C., Granger, C., Lim, H., Krutmann, J., & Masson, P. (2019) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12500 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 59 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Schalka S, Reis VM. Sun protection factor: meaning and controversies. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86: 507-515.
- Boukari F, Jourdan E, Fontas E et al. Prevention of melasma relapses with sunscreen combining protection against UV and short wavelengths of vis- ible light: a prospective randomized comparative trial. J Am Acad Derma- tol 2015; 72: 189-190.e1.
- Langendonk JG, Balwani M, Anderson KE et al. Afamelanotide for ery- thropoietic protoporphyria. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 48-59.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Passeron, T., Lim, H. W., Goh, C. ‐., Kang, H. Y., Ly, F., Morita, A., Ocampo Candiani, J., Puig, S., Schalka, S., Wei, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.17242 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationUV Filters: Challenges and Prospects
Jesus, A., Sousa, E., Cruz, M., Cidade, H., Lobo, J., & Almeida, I. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15030263 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Visible light. Part II: Photoprotection against visible and ultraviolet light
Geisler, A. N., Austin, E., Nguyen, J., Hamzavi, I., Jagdeo, J., & Lim, H. W. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.074 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationDaily photoprotection to prevent photoaging
Krutmann, J., Schalka, S., Watson, R. E. B., Liu, W., & Morita, A. (2021) · Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12688 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation[Skin aging: Pathophysiology and innovative therapies].
Boismal, F., Serror, K., Dobos, G., Zuelgaray, E., Bensussan, A., & Michel, L. (2020) · Medecine sciences : M/S · doi:10.1051/medsci/2020232 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Role of ingestible carotenoids in skin protection: A review of clinical evidence
Baswan, S., Klosner, A. E., Weir, C., Salter-Venzon, D., Gellenbeck, K., Leverett, J., & Krutmann, J. (2021) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12690 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationTorres-Contreras, A. M., Garcia-Baeza, A., Vidal-Limon, H. R., Balderas-Renteria, I., Ramírez-Cabrera, M. A., & Ramirez-Estrada, K. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11020220 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
d'Agostino, S., Azzali, A., Casali, L., Taddei, P., & Grepioni, F. (2020) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02735 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bacqueville, D., Jacques-Jamin, C., Lapalud, P., Douki, T., Roullet, N., Sereno, J., Redoules, D., Bessou-Touya, S., & Duplan, H. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.18196 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Photoprotection for people with skin of colour: needs and strategies.
Krutmann, J., Piquero-Casals, J., Morgado-Carrasco, D., Granger, C., Trullàs, C., Passeron, T., & Lim, H. (2022) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljac046 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAyad, R., Ayad, R., Bourekoua, H., Lefahal, M., Makhloufi, E., Akkal, S., Medjroubi, K., & Nieto, G. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27248802 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Consumer Behavior, Skin Phototype, Sunscreens, and Tools for Photoprotection: A Review
Reis-Mansur, M. C. P. P., da Luz, B. G., & dos Santos, E. D. (2023) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics10020039 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Use of nanotechnology applied to sunscreens: Technological prospection based on patents
Nascimento, J. A. C., Santos, A. M., Oliveira, A. M. S., Santos, A. B., Araújo, A. A. D. S., Frank, L. A., & Serafini, M. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105245 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
UV filters and their impact on marine life: state of the science, data gaps, and next steps
Lebaron, P. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.18198 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
EcoSun Pass: A tool to evaluate the ecofriendliness of UV filters used in sunscreen products
Pawlowski, S., Herzog, B., Sohn, M., Petersen-Thiery, M., & Acker, S. (2020) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12681 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, in recent years, the demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and sunscreen products has increased [16].”
BackgroundThe Role of Photoprotection in Optimizing the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
Piquero-Casals, J., Carrascosa, J., Morgado-Carrasco, D., Narda, M., Trullàs, C., Granger, C., & Fabbrocini, G. (2021) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00495-y · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGilaberte, Y., Piquero-Casals, J., Schalka, S., Leone, G., Brown, A., Trullàs, C., Jourdan, E., Lim, H. W., Krutmann, J., & Passeron, T. (2024) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.13962 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“5,6 33 The commensal microbes differ greatly by site, and the skin microbiome is regularly exposed to SR. 34 While both the positive and negative impact of SR on our health are well defined and understood, the understanding of the role of SR on the microbial dynamics of host-associated commensals…”
Self-citationBoyer, F., Delsol, C., Ribet, V., & Lapalud, P. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19290 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sunproofing from within: A deep dive into oral photoprotection strategies in dermatology
Hartmann, D., & Valenzuela, F. (2024) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12985 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“12,15 It provides photoprotection in patients with erythropoietic proto-porphyria (EPP) and solar urticaria by stimulating melanogenesis and acting as an antioxidant.”
Vilas-Boas, I. T., Silva, A. C., Accioli, C. D. A. F., Amorim, J., Leite, P., Faraco, A. G., Santos, B. C., Scopel, M., & Castilho, R. O. (2023) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114654 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Commentary: Facial Aesthetic Dermatological Procedures and Photoprotection in Chinese Populations
Liu, W., Krutmann, J., Tian, Y., Granger, C., Piquero-Casals, J., Trullàs, C., Passeron, T., Lim, H., & Lai, W. (2022) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-022-00862-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This should contain a combination of organic and inorganic filters [65].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFan, J., Roeterdink, W., & Buma, W. (2020) · Molecular Physics · doi:10.1080/00268976.2020.1825850 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
ZnO/Dealkali Lignin Composite Nanosheet for Antiultraviolet and Antioxidant Applications
Wei, L., Liu, H., Han, C., Gui, H.-G., Yao, C., & Li, X.-Z. (2025) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c00129 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
de Troya-Martín, M., Rodríguez-Martínez, A., Rivas-Ruiz, F., Subert, A., Arellano-Mendoza, M., Calzavara-Pinton, P., de Gálvez, M. V., Gilaberte, Y., Goh, C., Lim, H. W., et al. (2025) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.70001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSensitized photo-oxidation of gadusol species mediated by singlet oxygen.
Orallo, D. E., Lores, N. J., Arbeloa, E., Bertolotti, S., & Churio, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B: Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112078 · Cited by 11
Botanicals for photoprotection
Torres, A. E., Luk, K., & Lim, H. (2020) · Plastic and Aesthetic Research · doi:10.20517/2347-9264.2020.87 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Photoprotection strategies include behavioral modifications such as seeking shade while outdoors, wearing photoprotective clothing including hats and sunglasses, as well as applying sunscreen on otherwise exposed skin sites([2,3]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationO'g'li, M. M. M., Ergashovich, Y. K., Abdukhalilovich, S. A., Ugli, А. A. A., Shodievich, A. N., Vladimirovna, I. Z., Alexandrovich, R. A., Jiang, G.-H., Wang, J.-W., Wang, B., et al. (2025) · Polymers for Advanced Technologies · doi:10.1002/pat.70434 · Cited by 10
“The amount of UV rays filtered depends on the level of SPF you apply, according to prior studies [67, 68].”
Surendranaik., Y., Venkatesh, T., Ereshanaik, & Chethan (2024) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202402411 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., He, L., Wang, W.-C., Wei, G.-D., Ma, L., Liu, H., & Yao, L. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04804 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
In vivo method for evaluating sunscreen protection against high‐energy visible light
le Digabel, J., Filiol, J., Lauze, C., Redoules, D., & Josse, G. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19243 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Macedo, P. I. D. S., Pinto, C. A. S. D. O., Hiraishi, C. F., Marques, G. D. A., Escudeiro, C., Pessoa, F. V. L. S., Gregório, J., Rosado, C., Velasco, M., & Baby, A. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14030274 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…support the advances in the overall process of the development of sunscreens, innovative protocols must be investigated, allowing the reliable determination/quantification of more types and safer endpoints to establish safety and efficacy, reinforcing industry credibility and consumer care [19,42].”
Hernández, A. R., Sepúlveda, L. Y., Hata, Y., Castellanos, L., Björklund, S., Ruzgas, T. A., & Aragón, D. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85604-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Antioxidative and Photoprotective Activity of Pinus nigra, Pinus strobus and Pinus mugo
Oshetkova, D., & Klimowicz, A. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15010209 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ayad, R., Keskinkaya, H. B., Atalar, M., Lefahal, M., Zaabat, N., Makhloufi, E., Demirtaş, I., Trifa, W., Akkal, S., & Medjroubi, K. (2022) · Chemistry Africa · doi:10.1007/s42250-022-00525-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Outdoor sunscreen testing with high‐intensity solar exposure in a Chinese and Caucasian population
Granger, C., Ong, G., Andres, P., Trullàs, C., Hosenally, M., Lai, W., Liu, W., Krutmann, J., Passeron, T., & Lim, H. (2021) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12710 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSánchez-Suárez, J., Villamil, L., Coy-Barrera, E., & Díaz, L. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19120674 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“One of the primary photoprotection strategies is the application of sunscreen and/or sunblock [5].”
BackgroundSiroukane, N., Kheniche, A., & Souiki, L. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12050225 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“UV exposure also modulates immune and inflammatory responses via cytokine and growth factor receptor activation contributing to both immediate inflammation and long-term dermal remodeling or carcinogenesis [2,3].”
Touti, R., Renoux, P., Nocairi, H., Douezan, S., Passeron, T., & Josso, M. (2025) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.70044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationKeršmanc, P., Pogačnik, T., Žmitek, J., Hristov, H., Točkova, O., & Žmitek, K. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071240 · Cited by 4
“…strategies—like using sunscreens, protective clothing, and limiting sun exposure—are essential, they have limitations, including inconsistent application, frequent reapplication requirements, and photostability issues, all of which contribute to suboptimal protection in real-world use [7–9].”
Knowledge and the behavioral patterns of photoprotection among Koreans with skin disease
Jo, S., Kim, S. R., Lee, S.-H., Seo, Y., Ahn, H. H., Lee, J.-H., Oh, S. H., Jeong, K.-H., Park, K.-Y., Bang, C., et al. (2024) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12945 · Cited by 4
“…awareness about photoprotection and encourage the adoption of sun-safe behaviors, especially among individuals at higher risk for skin cancers 31,32 In this study, patients with hyperpigmentation and hypopig-mentation had similar sun exposure times compared to patients with other skin diseases,…”
López‐Cóndor, L., Losantos, R., Orallo, D. E., Fangio, M. F., Churio, M. S., & Sampedro, D. (2025) · ChemPhotoChem · doi:10.1002/cptc.202500151 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An Overview of Sargassum Seaweed as Natural Anticancer Therapy
Muñoz‐Losada, K., Gallego-Villada, M., & Puertas-Mejía, M. A. (2025) · Future Pharmacology · doi:10.3390/futurepharmacol5010005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The increased use of these dermo-cosmetic products has raised concerns about the importance of their stability and their impact on human health [52].”
Moura, M. A. S., Nascimento, G. C. S. G., Valarini, O., Peron, A. P., & Souza, D. C. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12081631 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Biological potentialities and chemical composition of Tarenaya aculeata roots and stems
Duarte, B. F., Castro, T. L. A. D., Ventura, A. S., Nogueira, C., & Cardoso, C. A. L. (2023) · Revista Colombiana de Química · doi:10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v51n3.106229 · Cited by 3
“In this sense, plant extracts have proven to be a great alternative to be incorporated into sunscreens, which become an important strategy in order to prevent the negative damage caused due to overexposure [11].”
BackgroundPhotoprotection strategies with antioxidant extracts: a new vision
Ayad, R., Lefahal, M., Makhloufi, E., & Akkal, S. (2023) · Physical Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1515/psr-2022-0313 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lack of Knowledge and Misperceptions on Photoprotection among Brazilian Youngsters
Corrêa, M. D. P., Martins, F. B., Yamamoto, A. L. C., Paiva, N. B., Silva, L. F., de Souza, R. J. S. P., Melo, M. M., & Ribeiro, C. S. D. C. (2022) · Dermato · doi:10.3390/dermato3010001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, increased PhP use is not always reflected in the proper use of sun creams, sunglasses (effective UV protection), or the use of appropriate clothing or hats that cover parts of the body most prone to the development of SC, such as the lips, eyelids, neck, and extremities [23,24].”
BackgroundPavlović, N., Žabić, K., Zaklan, D., Milutinov, J., Ćirin, D., & Krstonošić, V. (2026) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics13010023 · Cited by 2
“The formulations were subjected to centrifugation and temperature cycle tests [30], after which visual characteristics indicative of instability, such as color changes or phase separation, were examined.”
Lip Photoprotection Patents (2014–2024): Key Trends and Emerging Technologies
Urrea-Victoria, V., Casas, A. S. G., Castellanos, L., Serafini, M., & Novoa, D. M. A. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12040161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adianingsih, O. R., Fajrin, F. F., & Johan, C. K. (2024) · Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.22146/ijbiotech.93332 · Cited by 2
“Concerns are also raised about the efficacy and safety of many sunscreen products around the world (Krutmann et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSonnenschutz der Zukunft: Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten
Wolf, P., & Krutmann, J. (2022) · hautnah · doi:10.1007/s12326-022-00520-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Auch gibt es Hinweise, dass Wechselwirkungen auftreten können beispielsweise zwischen UVBund UVA-Strahlen, wenn sie gleichzeitig in Verhältnissen angewendet werden, die für natürliches Sonnenlicht relevant sind, und dass die resultierende biologische Reaktion anders ist als die, die einzeln durch UVB oder UVA induzier…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKaltchenko, M. V., & Chien, A. (2025) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.70027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Facial disbiosis and UV filters
Arantes, A. B., Rosa, R. T., de Oliveira, N. S., Bianchini, L. F., Rached, R., Johann, A., Weber, S. H., Murakami, F. S., Maluf, D., & Rosa, E. A. R. (2024) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-024-03501-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Granger, C., Trullàs, C., Sokeechand, N., Jourdan, E., Krutmann, J., François-Newton, V., & Hosenally, M. (2023) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12942 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCorrêa, M. D. P., Martins, F. B., Yamamoto, A. L. C., Paiva, N. B., Silva, L. F., Silva, R. J. S., Melo, M. M., & Ribeiro, C. S. D. C. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.22270727 · Cited by 1
Photoprotection: Key Concepts, Current Status, and Special Patient Groups
Granger, C., Narda, M., Andrès, P., & Trullàs, C. (2020) · EMJ Dermatology · doi:10.33590/emjdermatol/20-00002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of sensorial properties and in-use tolerance of Venusia sunscreen
Gala, M., Creado, S. A., Muchhala, S. S., Dhanaki, G., Sanghavi, A., & Kotak, B. (2026) · Cosmoderma · doi:10.25259/csdm_64_2026
Biological Photoprotection: A Review of its Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Implications
Brown, A., Passeron, T., Gilaberte, Y., Piquero-Casals, J., Schalka, S., Simonetto, C., Foyaca, M., Lim, H. W., & Krutmann, J. (2026) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-026-01805-y
“In addition, issues of cosmetic acceptability (residue, color mismatch, sensory feel) may influence real‑ world use, especially in individuals with skin of color or oily skin [1].”
InfluentialSelf-citationGluzezak, A. J. P., Essayan, L., Thomann, C., dos Santos, J. D., Marquette, C. A., & Gaspar, L. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1756483
“Effective photoprotective formulations must prevent UV-induced molecular and cellular damage without compromising safety (Krutmann et al., 2020).”
Skin phototypes, UV exposure, and socioeconomic vulnerability in a region of the Brazilian Amazon
Alves, P., Bourscheidt, V., Maquiné, G. Á., da Costa, R. L., Alves, V. C. M., de Melo, P. R. H., & Moreira, M. A. (2026) · International journal of biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-025-03059-3
“Proper application, including the selection of appropriate formulations for each phototype and adequate dosage (Passeron et al. 2021; Krutmann et al. 2020), is essential for protection against UVB-induced sunburn, photoaging, skin cancer, DNA damage, and UVA-aggravated photoder-matoses (Shetty et…”
Nobile, V., Dudonné, S., Kern, C., Roveda, G., Giardina, S., & Garcia, C. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12060285
Photoprotektion in der Pädiatrie – ein wichtiger Teil der pädiatrischen Beratung
Lang, V. (2024) · Pädiatrie & Pädologie · doi:10.1007/s00608-024-01205-5
“AußerdemsolltedieTexturleicht aufzutragen und zu verteilen sein [8].”
Sun protection: Understanding the persistent issues and unanswered questions
Ring, J. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19260
- Authors
- Krutmann, J., Passeron, T., Gilaberte, Y., Granger, C., Leone, G., Narda, M., Schalka, S., Trullas, C., Masson, P., & Lim, H. W.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine (DE)
- Inserm (FR)
- Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
- Isdin (Spain) (ES)
- San Gallicano Hospital (IT)
- Medcin Skin Research Center São Paulo Brazil
- Innovation and Development ISDIN Barcelona Spain
- Phi Consulting Bordeaux France
- Henry Ford Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krutmann, J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-01-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 447-454
- ISSN
- 0926-9959 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3083
- OpenAlex
- W2997267028
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 8.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- sunscreen, photoprotection, UV filters, sunscreen safety, sunscreen toxicity, sunscreen formulation, UV-induced erythema
- MeSH terms
- Erythema, Forecasting, Humans, Skin Neoplasms, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Practice Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
