Experiential avoidance in non-suicidal self-injury and suicide experiences: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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INTRODUCTION: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (i) examine the associations between experiential avoidance (EA), non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide experiences, and (ii) identify sample- and methodological-related variables affecting the strength of these associations. METHOD: statistic and the Egger's test assessed heterogeneity and publication bias. Meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate the impact of moderator variables on the strength of these associations. RESULTS: Data from 19 independent studies based on n = 9900 participants were pooled. The analyses demonstrated a weak but significant association between EA and NSSI. None of the examined moderator variables influenced the strength of this relationship. There was an indication of publication bias, suggesting that this association may have been inflated. The associations between EA, and suicide ideation and behaviors were moderate to strong. DISCUSSION: The current study concluded that (i) the EA model for NSSI should be revised by incorporating new evidence implicating feelings of relief in NSSI, and (ii) future studies should examine interactive factors between EA and key psychological components in the pathways to suicide experiences because these findings have direct clinical implications.
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Strong associations between experiential avoidance and NNE, along with the negative impact of experiential avoidance on mental health symptoms, have been extensively documented.
“The strong associations between experiential avoidance and NNE, along with the negative impact of experiential avoidance on mental health symptoms have been extensively documented (63–68).”
From Pilot outcomes and exploration of treatment mechanisms using a culturally adapted version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to improve mental health symptoms, alcohol misuse, functional outcomes, and sleep quality in emergency responders (2025) · cites this paper as [64]
Non-suicidal self-injury may occur in extreme cases of destructive experiential avoidance behaviors.
“In particular, non-suicidal self-injury may occur in extreme cases of destructive experiential avoidance (DEA) behaviors [9].”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Destructive Experiential Avoidance (ACT-DEA): A Feasibility Study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Angelakis, I., & Gooding, P.
- Affiliations
- University of South Wales (GB)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Angelakis, Ioannis
- Venue
- Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-06-29
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 978-992
- ISSN
- 0363-0234 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-278X
- OpenAlex
- W3176634815
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- experiential avoidance, non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, acceptance and commitment therapy, psychological flexibility, publication bias
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Humans, Self-Injurious Behavior, Suicidal Ideation
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