Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature and an integrated model
Abstract
Self-injurious behaviors (SIB) refer to behaviors that cause direct and deliberate harm to oneself, including nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal behaviors, and suicide. Although in recent research, NSSI and suicidal behavior have been differentiated by intention, frequency, and lethality of behavior, researchers have also shown that these two types of self-injurious behavior often co-occur. Despite the co-occurrence of NSSI and suicidal behavior, however, little attention has been given as to why these self-injurious behaviors may be linked. Several authors have suggested that NSSI is a risk factor for suicidal behavior, but no comprehensive review of the literature on NSSI and suicidal behavior has been provided. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted an extensive review of the research on NSSI and suicidal behavior among adolescents and adults. First, we summarize several studies that specifically examined the association between NSSI and suicidal behavior. Next, three theories that have been proposed to account for the link between NSSI and suicidal behavior are described, and the empirical support for each theory is critically examined. Finally, an integrated model is introduced and several recommendations for future research are provided to extend theory development.
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Non-suicidal self-harm is strongly associated with suicide attempt history and predicts future attempts in longitudinal studies.
“However, investigation of predictors of attempts among people who engage in non-suicidal self-harm is also important, because this factor is strongly associated with suicide attempt history and predicts future attempts in longitudinal studies.15, 16, 17, 18, 19”
From Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Suicidal thoughts and non-suicidal self-harm are strongly associated with suicide attempts.
“Suicidal thoughts and non-suicidal self-harm are strongly associated with suicide attempts.”
From Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Hamza, C. A., Stewart, S. L., & Willoughby, T.
- Affiliations
- Brock University (CA)
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hamza, Chloe A.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 482-495
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158571047
- Semantic Scholar
- bdf2708389f4a5a79be540a51f2b9b463185b101
- Cited by
- 769
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal behavior, suicide, self-harm, suicide risk factors, integrated model, adolescents, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Models, Psychological, Risk Factors, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Self-Injurious Behavior, Intention, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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