Cited by 132Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Toward a Common Understanding of Diet–Exercise Strategies to Manipulate Fuel Availability for Training and Competition Preparation in Endurance Sport

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Burke, Louise M., Hawley, John A., Jeukendrup, Asker, Morton, James P., Stellingwerff, Trent, Maughan, Ronald J.·2018·International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289

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Abstract

From the breakthrough studies of dietary carbohydrate and exercise capacity in the 1960s through to the more recent studies of cellular signaling and the adaptive response to exercise in muscle, it has become apparent that manipulations of dietary fat and carbohydrate within training phases, or in the immediate preparation for competition, can profoundly alter the availability and utilization of these major fuels and, subsequently, the performance of endurance sport (events >30 min up to ∼24 hr). A variety of terms have emerged to describe new or nuanced versions of such exercise–diet strategies (e.g., train low, train high, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, periodized carbohydrate diet). However, the nonuniform meanings of these terms have caused confusion and miscommunication, both in the popular press and among the scientific community. Sports scientists will continue to hold different views on optimal protocols of fuel support for training and competition in different endurance events. However, to promote collaboration and shared discussions, a commonly accepted and consistent terminology will help to strengthen hypotheses and experimental/experiential data around various strategies. We propose a series of definitions and explanations as a starting point for a more unified dialogue around acute and chronic manipulations of fat and carbohydrate in the athlete’s diet, noting philosophies of approaches rather than a single/definitive macronutrient prescription. We also summarize some of the key questions that need to be tackled to help produce greater insight into this exciting area of sports nutrition research and practice.

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Authors: Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Stellingwerff, T., & Maughan, R. J.
Affiliations: Australian Catholic University (AU)
Loughborough University (GB)
Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
University of Victoria (CA)
University of St Andrews (GB)
ORCID: Burke, Louise M.
Hawley, John A.
Morton, James P.
Stellingwerff, Trent
Maughan, Ronald J.
Venue: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2018-09-01
Volume: 28
Issue: 5
Pages: 451-463
ISSN: 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
1543-2742
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289
OpenAlex: W2892684886
Cited by: 132
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 9.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: endurance sports, fuel availability, carbohydrate intake, dietary fat, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, competition preparation, exercise adaptation, terminology, sports nutrition
MeSH terms: Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Physical Endurance, Sports, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Athletic Performance, Diet, High-Fat, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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Toward a Common Understanding of Diet–Exercise Strategies to Manipulate Fuel Availability for Training and Competition Preparation in Endurance Sport

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